5. Порядок слов в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. Вариант 1

Упр. 1. Формы Simple (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах. (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train departs at 7 pm. Поезд отправляется в 7 часов вечера. departs – Present Simple Active (to depart)

1. Moscow is a major transport junction: over 300 long-distance and 2,000 suburban trains depart from 10 Moscow railway terminals daily.

2. About 11% of the Konkan Railway (India) is laid down in tunnels. These tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air contamination, temperature and visibility.

3. The new powerful locomotive will be used for hauling heavy iron-ore trains.

4. AMTRAK provides foreign tourists with the railway tickets for 14, 21 and 60 days, which give them the right to go by any train, in any compartment and to change trains in any place and at any time.

5. All first carriages had three essential drawbacks: they were built of wood; they were heated with stoves, and they had an open platform at each end that was especially dangerous in case of an accident.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1. The first plans for constructing a new railway line along the west coast of India (to propose – Past Simple Passive) in 1880s, but they (not / to carry out – Past Simple Passive) because of financial and technical difficulties.

2. The distance between Boston and New York (to be – Present Simple Active) 230 miles; it (to take – Present Simple Active) the train 3 hours 15 minutes to cover it.

3. Refrigerated cars (to use – Present Simple Passive) for transporting perishable goods.

4. You (to catch – Future Indefinite Active) the last suburban train, if you (to hurry – Present Simple Active). 5. Tomas Bouch (to design and to build – Past Simple Active) the railway bridge on the Tay River in 1878. This bridge (to speak – Past Simple Passive) about as one of the wonders of the world.

Упр. 2. Оборот there + to be (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. Two or more locomotives are coupled to a train if the load is very heavy or if there are steep grades on the line.

2. There will be a scheduled train stop for 20 minutes at the next railway station.

3. On each car of the first underground trains, there was an attendant to operate the doors.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол to be в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. Nowadays, there to be underground railways in 150 cities all over the world. (Present)

2. The gauge of most railways in Great Britain is now 4feet 8 ½ inches, but there to be the time when the gauge was not the same on all the railways. (Past)

3. There to be an extra commuter train tomorrow. (Future)

Упр. 3. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. Russian Railways’ rolling stock fleet consists of more than 19,000 locomotives and approximately 670,000 freight and passenger cars.

2. The engine driver’s cab is equipped with new signaling devices.

3. The world’s first railway on which passengers traveled on the steam-powered trains was opened in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in north-east England.

Упр. 4. Степени сравнения прилагательных

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. Narrow-gauge cars and locomotives are generally smaller, lighter and less expensive than those used on standard-gauge lines.

2. The world’s longest road tunnel links France and Italy beneath the Europe’s highest peak Mont Blanc.

3. The maximum train speed on the West Coast Mainline (Great Britain) is 77 mph, but there are many sections, where the speed is much lower because of curves and steep gradients.

(B) Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной или превосходной степени, и переведите их.

1. Broken stone is (suitable) material for ballast.

2. The concrete sleepers are (reliable) than the wooden crossties, and they last (long).

3. (Deep) metro system in the world is built in St.Petersburg: some stations and tunnels lie as deep as 100-120 meters below the surface.

Упр. 5. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. The experimental passenger cars will have a test run on a specially built track.

2. Before 1895, only steam-driven locomotives operated on US railroads.

3. This new train develops a very high speed since it is fitted with powerful engines.

4. Special railroads such as funiculars are used on steep grades in the Alps.

5. Commuter trains leave from Victoria Station every hour.

Упр. 6. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

R U S S I A N R A I L W A Y S

Russian Railways Joint-Stock Company (JSC) was founded in September 2003. It operates one of the largest transport systems in the world. The total length of railway track exceeds 85,500 km. 40% of railways are double-track and multi-track lines and about 50% are electrified. The railway network extends over 9 time zones. It links 85 of the 89 Russian regions and almost all the major cities. The Company provides passenger and freight transportation to 17 European and Asian countries. The rolling stock includes more than 19,000 locomotives and approximately 670,000 freight and passenger cars. JSC Russian Railways ranks fourth in the list of the "400 Largest Companies in Russia". It employs over 1.2 million people, or 2% of Russia's working population. In 2009, the Company's revenue amounted to about 655 billion rubles. JSC Russian Railways is divided into various branches:

– 17 territorial railway companies;

– plants for the repair of passenger/freight cars and the manufacture of spare parts for rolling stock;

– scientific research institutes;

– construction entities.

The Company plays an important part in the Russian economy. Railways handle a high proportion of passenger traffic in Russia. Whereas rail transport carries only 6% of passengers in Western Europe and about 1% in the U.S., in Russia the figure rises to 41%. Although people prefer using automobiles in this country, the railways dominate on medium- and long-distance journeys. JSC Russian Railways is the largest carrier of all types of freight, excluding oil and gas transported by pipelines. The Company's share of the Russian transport market totals 88% (for comparison, 8% of freight is carried by rail in Europe and only 4% in the U.S). In terms of freight traffic intensity, Russia ranks second in the world, exceeded only by China.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. акционерная компания Российские Железные Дороги

2. общая протяжённость железнодорожных путей

3. двухпутные и многопутные линии

4. подвижной состав

5. занимает 4 место в списке

6. предприятия по ремонту пассажирских и грузовых вагонов

7. производство запасных частей

8. строительные организации

9. поездки на средние и дальние расстояния

10. по интенсивности грузоперевозок

(С) Ответьте кратко на общие вопросы к тексту.

1. Was Russian Railways JSC founded in September 2003?

2. Does the total length of railway track exceed 85,500 miles?

3. Are all the railways electrified in Russia?

4. Did the Company's revenue amount to about 655 billion rubles in 2009?

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр. 1. Формы Simple (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах. (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train departs at 7 pm. Поезд отправляется в 7 часов вечера. departs – Present Simple Active (to depart)

1. After the reconstruction of the railway, the average speed of trains will be increased and the carrying capacity of the line will be raised.

2. The French engineer Cugnot constructed the first three-wheeled machine with a twocylinder steam engine. This machine carried 2 people at a walking pace.

3. The switch is the mechanism, which is used to move the trains from one track to another.

4. The project of the Helsinki-St.Petersburg railway reconstruction envisages track modernization and installation of the safety and remote control systems.

5. When Oxford railway station was refurbished 3 years ago, it was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1. Such engineers as Frolov, Yartzev and Polsunov (to make – Past Simple Active) great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia.

2. The renewal of signaling equipment of all the railroads (to finance – Future Simple Passive) by the government.

3. In Great Britain, first-class tickets (to cost – Present Simple Active) 50% more than second-class tickets.

4. In Australia, freight traffic (to carry out – Present Simple Passive) by double-headed trains and each train (to consist – Present Simple Active) of 80 wagons.

5. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia (to build – Past Simple Passive) by Kulibin in the 18th century.

Упр. 2. Оборот there + to be (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. In Europe, there are many tourist railway lines, which operate only at summer weekends and use steam locomotives and old carriages.

2. By 2030, there will be a total of 1,528 km of high-speed railway lines running at up to 350 kmh.

3. There was a terrible rush at the station when I got there.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол to be в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. At Shcherbinka, there to be a special 6 km railway loop for testing new locomotives and cars. (Present)

2. Several people were injured in a train accident, but there to be no fatalities. (Past)

3. According to schedule, there to be another train at 6.15. (Future)

Упр. 3. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. The Cherepanovs, who were Demidov’s serfs, built Russia’s first steam locomotive.

2. There is a radiotelephone in each driver’s cab and a dispatcher can communicate with the driver in case of emergency.

3. There were many passengers at the railway station on New Year’s Eve, as many trains were delayed because of a heavy snowstorm.

Упр. 4. Степени сравнения прилагательных

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. In the Grand Prix motor racing, just a few seconds sometimes separate the fastest car from the slowest car in a race.

2. High-speed railways use now long-welded rails instead of standard ones because jointless tracks give better riding qualities, last longer, reduce the cost of maintenance and increase the stability of the line.

3. The most outstanding steam-powered miniature railway in the world is the track, which encircles the Disney Park.

(B) Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной или превосходной степени, и переведите их.

1. Although the gas-turbine engine is (small) and (light) than the diesel engine, it has (great) power.

2. The railway became (important) means of transportation thanks to the invention of the steam locomotive.

3. The fare in the London Underground depends on the distance but (low) is 50 pence.

Упр. 5. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. At the next railway station, the train will stop for 20 minutes.

2. After the war, the government granted great sums of money to renew the equipment and the roadbed of all the railways.

3. The first escalator was installed in the London Underground in 1911.

4. The peaks of the Alps rise over 6,000 feet above the Simplon Tunnel on the France-toItaly railway.

5. The repair of railway track usually takes place in summer.

Упр. 6. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

E G Y P T I A N N A T I O N A L R A I L W A Y S

Egyptian National Railways (ENR) is the national railway company of Egypt. As early as in 1833, Pasha Mohammad Ali consulted with Thomas Gallway about building a railway between Suez and Cairo to facilitate freight and passenger transportation between Europe and India. The project was abandoned due to pressure by the French who had an interest in building a canal instead. The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. After Mohamed Ali’s death, Abbas I contracted with Robert Stephenson to link Alexandria and Cairo by rail.

The first section of this railway between Alexandria and Kafer Eassa was opened in 1854, and the line was completed two years later. It was the first railroad in Africa and in the Middle East. The Imbaba bridge was constructed in 1891 to allow trains to cross the Nile near Cairo. The modern Imbaba bridge was erected in 1924 and it is the only railway crossing of the Nile in Cairo. The El Ferdan Railway Bridge rebuilt in 2001 is the largest swing bridge in the world and crosses the Suez Canal. In 2005, ENR operated 5,063 km of railways using standard gauge of 1,435 mm. Most of the rail network is focused on the densely populated area of Nile delta. Many lines radiate from Cairo. The majority of locomotives are diesel-driven. 63 km are electrified. ENR purchases locomotives and rail abroad but passenger carriages are built and refurbished in Egypt by the SEMAF company. Cargo volume transported by ENR is about 12 million ton annually. ER is the backbone of passenger transportation in Egypt. 800 million passengers are carried annually. Airconditioned passenger trains usually consist of the 1st and 2nd class carriages, while in non-airconditioned trains, there are 2nd and 3rd class cars. Train fares in commuter trains and 3rd class passenger trains are kept low as a social service.

The Alexandria-Cairo-Luxor-Aswan link is served daily in both directions by airconditioned sleeper trains of Abela Egypt. These trains are especially attractive to tourists who can spend the night on the train as it covers the stretch between Cairo and Luxor. A luxury express train also connects Cairo with Marsa Matruh.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. государственная железнодорожная компания

2. перевозка грузов и пассажиров

3. первый участок этой железной дороги

4. железнодорожный переезд

5. самый большой разводной мост

6. большая часть железнодорожной сети

7. густонаселённая территория

8. пригородные линии

9. плата за проезд в пассажирских поездах третьего класса

10. поезд-экспресс повышенной комфортности

(С) Ответьте кратко на общие вопросы к тексту.

1. Is Egyptian National Railways the private railway company of Egypt?

2. Did Pasha Mohammad Ali consult with Thomas Gallway about building a railway between Cairo and India in 1833?

3. Was the project of building a railway abandoned because the French wanted to build a canal instead?

4. Were Alexandria and Cairo connected by rail in 1854?

5. Does the El Ferdan Railway Bridge cross the Suez Canal?

6. Are there narrow-gauge railroads in Egypt?

7. Do many lines radiate from Cairo?

8. Are the vast majority of locomotives electric-driven?

9. Does ENR purchase carriages abroad?

10. Do air-conditioned passenger trains usually consist of the 1st and 2nd class carriages?

В А Р И А Н Т 3

Упр. 1. Формы Simple (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах. (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train departs at 7 pm. Поезд отправляется в 7 часов вечера. departs – Present Simple Active (to depart)

1. New plastic and synthetic materials are widely used for the interior and exterior finishing of passenger carriages.

2. Concrete sleepers first appeared in Europe in 1868, mainly because of the shortage of durable wood in some countries.

3. The Adtranz company manufactures electric and diesel locomotives, high-speed trains, streetcars and underground trains, as well as signal and traffic-control systems.

4. Some of the new metro stations in Hong Kong will be equipped with high-speed lifts instead of conventional escalators.

5. The railway line between two large Japanese cities Yamagata and Akita was opened for traffic in March 1997. It became so popular that passenger turnover between these cities immediately increased by more than 50 %.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1. A railway (to divide – Present Simple Passive) into sections, usually four or six miles in length and each section (to maintain – Present Simple Passive) by a section gang.

2. Heavy snowstorms (to disorganize – Past Simple Active) the movement of trains in this region.

3. The Class 373 train (to be – Present Simple Active) a high-speed emu that (operate – Present Simple Active) between Britain, France and Belgium via the Channel Tunnel.

4. The bodies of the first passenger cars (to build – Past Simple Passive) of wood and their trucks (to have – Past Simple Active) many wooden parts.

5. This train (to proceed – Future Simple Active) to its final destination without any stops.

Упр. 2. Оборот there + to be

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. There were no conductors on the first railways and an engine driver collected the passenger fares himself.

2. In the US, there is a special discount for those passengers who buy round-trip tickets.

3. There are four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол to be в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. Nowadays, there to be underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. (Present)

2. There to be no trains today because the railroad workers are on strike. (Future)

3. In April 1998, there to be a 300 km traffic jam on the N 4 motorway – the main road from London to Wales – at the end of the Easter holidays. (Past)

Упр. 3. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. The first section of Korea's first high-speed line was officially opened on March 30 2004 by the country's president, Mr Goh Kun.

2. On a large diagram in a dispatcher’s room, small lights display the location of each train.

3. The new four-car trainsets were developed by Danish State Railways’ design office for express passenger services in Denmark and Sweden.

Упр. 4. Степени сравнения прилагательных

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. In Australia, the traffic is heavier during the winter months, when many tourists travel in passenger trains.

2. It is much more convenient to go by the fast train because it doesn’t stop at small stations, and it takes you less time to get to your destination.

3. The earliest trains had no sleeping cars. There was no need for them as the railways were short, the longest journey lasted a few hours, and nearly all trains went in the daytime.

(B) Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной или превосходной степени, и переведите их.

1. Railway transport is one of (cheap) ways of transporting freight over long distances.

2. The first steam locomotive called Rocket was much (small) and (light) than modern locomotives.

3. An electric engine is (ecologically friendly) engine because it doesn’t pollute environment with exhausted gases.

Упр. 5. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. George Westinghouse invented the air brake for railway trains in 1869.

2. The surface station of the Samara Metro is called Yungorodok.

3. The shuttle-train covers the distance from London to Paris in 3h 40min.

4. Because of its very small size, the first 3 HP locomotive was called a midget.

5. In the US, railroads carry about 40 per cent of the total volume of freight transportation.

Упр. 6. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

R A I L T R A N S P O R T I N J A P A N

Modern means of transport connect all parts of Japan and provide the fast, efficient movement of passengers and goods. Railways are the main means of land transportation. The first Japanese railway was laid in 1872 between Tokyo and Yokohama. By 1930, a rail network covered the four main islands. Most private lines were nationalized in 1906 and passed to a public corporation, the Japanese National Railways (JNR). In 1949, the JNR operated about four fifths of Japan's 17,000 miles of narrow-gauge railway lines. It owned about 90 % of all rolling stock. Because of postwar population growth and economic development, the carrying capacity of Japan's railways considerably decreased. To improve the situation, the high-speed, broadgauge New Tokaido Line went into operation in 1964. Its fastest express trains make the 320- mile run from Tokyo to Osaka in a little more than three hours. An extension1 known as the New Sanyo Line was completed from Osaka to Okayama in 1972. Other high-speed lines called Shinkansen were built thereafter. The railways of Honshu are linked to Hokkaido by undersea tunnels and to Shikoku by ferry service. Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo and Yokohama have subways.

In 1987, because of the huge accumulated debt2 and labor problems, the JNR was privatized and divided into six passenger companies (the Japan Railways Group) and one freight company. The JR Group companies mainly deal with long-distance and regional passenger transportation. Seven private railway companies mainly operate commuter trains in the metropolitan areas. The ratio of transportation run by the JR Group and private companies is about 2:1. Japan Freight Railway Company operates all freight service on the network previously owned by JNR. Japan Freight Railway Company owns its locomotives, rolling stock and stations, but leases track from the six passenger companies.

Nowadays, there are about 27,245 km of railway lines under operation in Japan. About 382 billion passengers and 22 billion tons of freight are carried by the railways annually.

Notes: 1extension – ж/д ветка

2 accumulated debt – накопившаяся задолжность

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. быстрая и эффективная перевозка грузов и пассажиров

2. основное средство сухопутного транспорта

3. перешли под управление государственной корпорации

4. узкоколейные железнодорожные линии

5. подвижной состав

6. пропускная способность японских железных дорог

7. паромная переправа

8. перевозка пассажиров на поездах дальнего следования и местного сообщения

9. крупный город с пригородом

10. арендовать рельсовый путь

(С) Ответьте кратко на общие вопросы к тексту.

1. Do modern means of transport connect some parts of Japan and provide the fast, efficient transportation of people and goods?

2. Are railways the main means of sea transportation?

3. Was the first Japanese railway laid between Tokyo and Yokohama?

4. Did a rail network cover the two largest islands by 1930?

5. Were all private lines nationalized in 1906 and passed to a public corporation?

6. Did the carrying capacity of Japan's railways increase because of postwar population growth and economic development?

7. Do express trains make the 320-mile run from Tokyo to Osaka in less than three hours?

8. Were high-speed lines called Shinkansen built in the 19th century?

9. Are the railways of Honshu linked to Hokkaido by ferry service?

10. Is the ratio of transportation run by the JR Group and private companies about 2:1?

В А Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. Формы Simple (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах. (A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train departs at 7 pm. Поезд отправляется в 7 часов вечера. departs – Present Simple Active (to depart)

1. In 1808, Richard Trevithick built a circular railway in London's Torrington Square. Steam carriage ‘Catch Me Who Can’ weighed 10 tons and moved at a speed of 15 mph.

2. The railway network connects all the major cities in Britain, and via the Channel Tunnel, links Britain with France and Belgium.

3. The first railways were constructed in the 16th century but until 1804, only horsepower was used to haul cars.

4. Electrification of the line will allow a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes.

5. Various kinds of freight, which require protection against unfavorable weather conditions, are carried in boxcars.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1. A diesel engine (to belong – Present Simple Active) to the class of internal combustion engines.

2. After the reconstruction of the old railway bridge, the speed of trains (to increase – Future Simple Passive).

3. In the 1860s and 70s, Pavel Melnikov (to play – Past Simple Active) a key role in the expansion of the railway network throughout European Russia.

4. In Europe, double-deck passenger coaches (to use – Present Simple Passive) in four-or five-car sets on suburban lines where traffic (to be – Present Simple Active) very heavy.

5. At the first railways, sleepers (to lay – Past Simple Passive) down along the railway track.

Упр. 2. Оборот there + to be

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. There was one case of derailment of a freight train on a section of line at Bexley, Britain.

2. There are plans to open a new high-speed rail line between London, Manchester and Leeds running at up to 180 mph.

3. There were a lot of passengers waiting for the local train arrival on the platform.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол to be в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. There to be one minute left before the train leaves. (Present)

2. The construction of the first tunnels required much time, effort and money because there to be no special equipment for it and only manual labor was used. (Past)

3. There to be a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer. (Future)

Упр. 3. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. The local trains of Denver’s railway network transport 1 million passengers a day but demand is three times that number.

2. The engine driver is responsible for the passengers’ and goods’ safety.

3. About 60 % of the world's railroads are built to standard gauge, 4 feet 8 1/2 inches.

Упр. 4. Степени сравнения прилагательных

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. The El Ferdan Railway Bridge across the Suez Canal is the world's longest drawbridge.

2. George Pullman invented the first sleeping car, which was much simpler in design than the sleeping cars of today, but it was much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of cars in use at that time.

3. In New Zealand, the most serious rail disaster happened on Christmas Eve in 1953.

(B) Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной или превосходной степени, и переведите их.

1. Indian Railway is one of (big) and (busy) rail networks in the world that carries more than 16 million passengers daily.

2. In the US, passengers can buy tickets either at the station or on the train at a (high) fare.

3. Although there are now (fast) and (modern) means of transport, railways remain (safe) and (popular) form of transport.

Упр. 5. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. Liquid goods are carried in tank cars.

2. The trains will be detained en route for a couple of hours because of the heavy snowstorm.

3. Railway construction began in China late in the 19th century.

4. The first electric locomotive was designed by Werner von Siemens.

5. During the rush hours, the trains in the Moscow Metro run with intervals of about 80 seconds.

Упр. 6. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

R A I L T R A N S P O R T I N F R A N C E

Railway construction in France began in the early 19th century. By the end of the century, most main lines of the country’s railway network were laid down. Many railway lines radiated out from Paris, which served as the country’s transportation hub. French railroads were nationalized in 1937. Independent railway companies and the state-controlled railways joined together in the Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais (French National Railways, or SNCF), with the state owning a controlling share.

The railway network reached its peak length of 42,000 km in 1932. In the decades after World War II, railways declined sharply in importance. Many little-used rural railways were closed. Rail’s share of domestic freight traffic fell from 62 % in 1958 to 16 % in 1997. Today, France has 29,000 km of railroad track in use, two-fifths of which is electrified. Rail passenger traffic remains important in France. The development of the high-speed TGV train led to the construction of several new lines, increased the speed of rail passenger traffic, and considerably decreased journey times. TGV can travel at speeds up to 320 kmh on specially built track, but the trains must travel much slower on conventional track. Nowadays, the TGV network carries more than one-fifth of all rail passengers.

The first TGV line was completed in 1981. It linked Paris with Lyon. A second line connected Paris with Nantes and Bordeaux. It was entered service in 1989. A third line linked Paris with Lille in 1993. In 1994, freight and passenger train service started through the Channel Tunnel, the world's longest undersea tunneling project connecting Calais, France, and Dover, England. Today, high-speed rail lines link Paris and other major French cities to many destinations outside of France, including cities in England, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland. TGV lines proved so successful they largely replaced passenger air travel between connected cities. Using the TGV, passengers can travel between Brussels and Paris in just 90 minutes.

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. транспортный узел страны

2. контрольный пакет акций

3. значение железных дорог значительно уменьшилось

4. железные дороги, построенные в сельской местности

5. разработка высокоскоростного поезда TGV

6. время в пути

7. специально построенный железнодорожный путь

8. обычный железнодорожный путь

9. была пущена в эксплуатацию

10. самый длинный подводный тоннель в мире

(С) Ответьте кратко на общие вопросы к тексту.

1. Did railway construction in France begin in the late 19th century?

2. Were French railroads nationalized before World War II?

3. Does France have 29,000 km of railroad track in use today?

4. Are all French railways electrified?

5. Does rail passenger traffic remain important in France?

6. Can TGV travel at speeds up to 320 kmh on conventional track?

7. Do the TGV trains carry more than one-fifth of all rail passengers?

8. Was the first TGV line built in 1881?

9. Did a third TGV line link Paris with Nantes and Bordeaux?

10. Do the TGV trains cover the distance between Brussels and Paris in 90 hours?

В А Р И А Н Т 5

Упр. 1. Формы Simple (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах.

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

Model: The train departs at 7 pm. Поезд отправляется в 7 часов вечера. departs – Present Simple Active (to depart)

1. Eurotunnel is a railway tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel.

2. The first passenger cars were lighted by candles. Later, candles were replaced by oil and gas lamps. Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and heating the passenger carriages.

3. Tomorrow, the movement of trains on this section of the line will be stopped because of the track repair.

4. Steel sleepers are used in desert and tropical regions because great variations in day and night temperatures don’t affect them.

5. The railway transport played a very important role in industrial development of Britain during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1. Russia (to rank – Present Simple Active) second in the world, after the USA, in the length of the railway network. The total length of all railway lines in Russia (to be – Present Simple Active) equal to three times the length of the Equator.

2. The windows of the new coach (to equip – Future Simple Passive) with special heaters.

3. The first railways (to appear – Past Simple Active) in England and (to use – Past Simple Passive) to carry coal.

4. Various means of transport (to use – Present Simple Passive) for carrying passengers and freight over long distances.

5. The first Stephenson’s steam locomotive (to call – Past Simple Passive) the Rocket.

Упр. 2. Оборот there + to be

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. There were no signaling devices on the first railways as there was no need for them.

2. There will be a change in the schedule of this commuter train in summer.

3. In Metro, there are special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it, and make it warm or cool on its way to the station.

(B) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол to be в нужную форму, и переведите их.

1. There to be no curves and steep gradients on the Paris-Lyon high-speed route. (Present)

2. There to be locomotives at both ends of a heavy freight train. (Past)

3. There to be an escalator of only five steps at one of the Tokyo metro stations. (Present)

Упр. 3. Притяжательный падеж существительных

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. At railway terminals, announcement boards display information about trains’ departures and arrivals.

2. The dispatcher's job is to control the movement of trains on the definite section of the track.

3. Bombardier's double-deck railway cars are used on suburban trains in Germany.

Упр. 4. Степени сравнения прилагательных

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Укажите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. The first rails were made of cast iron but when traffic became heavier, it was found that cast iron was too brittle and wore too quickly.

2. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, the most reliable and comfortable means of city transport.

3. Diesel and electric locomotives are cleaner, more efficient and require less maintenance than steam locomotives.

(B) Перепишите предложения, употребив прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной или превосходной степени, и переведите их.

1. The Konkan Railway in India crosses 2,134 bridges and viaducts. This rail line has (tall) viaduct in Asia (its height is 64 m) and (long) railway tunnel in India (its length is 6.5 km).

2. G. Westinghouse invented a system of air brakes that made travel by train much (safe).

3. (Convenient) and (fast) way of freight transportation by railways is the container.

Упр. 5. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. The fast train for London departs from platform № 2.

2. Before the invention of steel, the railway cars were made of wood.

3. Steven Roberts designed the T-rail in 1830.

4. On this dangerous section of track, trains usually decrease their speed.

5. Train fares will go up by seven percent next week.

Упр. 6. (A) Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

K U I B Y S H E V R A I L W A Y

The Kuibyshev Railway (KR) is among the country’s largest mainlines. It links European Russia with the economically vital regions of the Ural and Middle Asia. It runs across 3 republics and 7 regions. The KR is one of the oldest railways in Russia. Its history dates back to the MorshanskSyzran line put into operation in 1874. This line was 520 km long; it operated 42 steam locomotives, 47 Morse apparatus, 530 freight cars, 52 passenger carriages and 15 baggage cars.

In 1875, the decision was taken to span the Volga River by a bridge at Syzran, a town 400 km from Samara. Nikolay Belelyubskiy, an outstanding Russian scientist and bridge engineer was in charge of construction works. The special importance of the bridge was that this was the only rail link between Central Russia and Siberia. As bridge construction was a matter of national importance, it was personally supervised by Tsar Alexander II. 7 million gold rubles were spent to carry out the project. The inauguration of the bridge took place on August 30, 1880. The 1.5 km girder bridge had 13 spans 110 meters each. Until 1919, its official name was Alexander Bridge. Nowadays, the KR as a branch of RZD Joint-Stock Company provides sustainable development1 of the Volga-Urals economic region. It has 5 divisions: Samara, Ruzaevka, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Bashkiria. The operating length of the KR is 11.5 thousand km; 7.2 thousand km are main-line tracks. There are over 330 stations, including 6 marshalling yards. The railway operates 23 locomotive and car depots to maintain and repair rolling stock. Freight traffic is a top priority for the KR. Among the most important goods transported are oil and oil products, chemicals, timber, cement, construction materials, automobiles, etc. Annually, over 60 mln tons of freight is carried by the KR. The introduction of advanced technologies into rail industry ensures safe and timely delivery of goods.

More than 30 mln people are transported by our railway every year. Passenger traffic is provided by long-distance trains, including named trains, as well as by local trains. Electrical multiple-unit trains are very popular among people living on the territory served by the KR. Every year, 25 million people travel by commuter trains.

Note: 1sustainable development – устойчивое развитие

(B) Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз.

1. инженер-мостостроитель

2. дело государственной важности

3. мост с балочным пролётным строением

4. акционерная компания Российские железные дороги

5. эксплуатационная длина железной дороги

6. для обслуживания и ремонта подвижного состава

7. внедрение передовых технологий

8. безопасная и своевременная доставка грузов

9. фирменные поезда

10. поезда местного сообщения

(С) Ответьте кратко на общие вопросы к тексту.

1. Does the KR run across 3 countries and 7 regions?

2. Is the KR the oldest railway in this country?

3. Was the length of the first section of the KR 520 miles?

4. Did steam locomotives draw trains in the 19th century?

5. Were 7 million gold rubles spent to carry out the project of constructing the rail bridge?

6. Did the official opening of the bridge at Syzran take place on August 30, 1980?

7. Is the operating length of the KR 7.2 thousand km?

8. Does the introduction of advanced technologies into rail industry ensure safe and timely delivery of goods?

9. Are named trains used to carry freight such as oil and oil products, chemicals, timber, cement, construction materials, automobiles?

10. Do 25 million people travel by commuter trains annually?

К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О Т А № 2

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы № 2, Вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Личные формы глагола. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах.

2. Неличные формы глагола (Participle I, Participle II).

3. Модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should, need).

4. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях.