- •Раздел II. Practicum Block I
- •A Warming Up
- •Are Russians superstitious?
- •In order to overcome the cold, the Russians tie a scarf with garlic around the neck. Garlic is known for its antibacterial properties and is used as a prophylaxis for colds.
- •Характер русского народа
- •Character of the Russian people
- •Russian Traditional Food
- •Clothes in Old Russia
- •Follow Up
Раздел II. Practicum Block I
Non-equivalent and connotative lexis typical for Russia
T
hough
we basically dedicated the present study-book to some background
lexis in English-speaking countries, we, nevertheless, decided to
start with Russia, its culture, peculiarities of life and traditions
and of course the language. The author’s strong belief is that
without a thorough investigation of Russian lexical bulk from the
point of view of culture-loaded vocabulary it would be rather
confusing and bewildering to try to understand the alien one.
The present Block houses the basic information on non-equivalent (NEL) and connotative lexis (CL) in the modern Russian language. The problem of NEL and CL has always been a corner-stone for foreigners and even language holders. The lexical items discussed can be possibly found in many dictionaries either in common, or idiomatic and encyclopedic, but the problem is that the very items can contain certain overtones or connotations – as often as social, political or historical – which may not be detected by a Italian, English or German speakers, for example. Such words and phrases are included into the very implicit life of the inhabitants of the given country. Even the language holders themselves are confused by some areas where the speech or writing of one representative of society may be poorly comprehended by the members of another. Such a disparity in communication is evident, for example, in the difference between the language of the so-called “popular press” and that of the “heavies”, or by the failure of many young people to communicate fully with their parents.
So, how we can define NEL and CL? In order to comprehend the information in the right way, let's address to some examples, starting with the first group - non-equivalent lexis.
N
EL
– is the bulk of words, combinations and phrases in any language
that has no possible translation into other languages; so called –
“blind spots”. There are extensive groups of such words in
Russian, English, French, Spanish and other known languages. The
following examples will give you a certain image of these words:
Russian NEL can be divided into some blocks:
words, denoting traditional Russian life: лапти, лукошко, валенки, кокошник, изба, сруб, ухват, калевало, щи, гусли, баян, сени, балалайка, шапка-ушанка, треух, фуфайка, предбанник, столовица, рубаха, телогрейка, поддувало, дача, чугунок, окрошка, частушки, былина, баранка, кулич, святки, прихватка, тулуп, квас, барматуха, городки, салки, портянка, кирзачи, самовар, самогон, настойка, шаники, растягаи, слоенка, холодец, крынка, махотка, медовуха, сноп, копна, скирд, копешка;
sovetizms: революция, большевик, баррикады, листовка, агитка, стенгазета, баранка (руль), коммунальная квартира, колхоз, совхоз, сельпо, сельмаг, субботник, комсомолец, комсомольское собрание, съезд, товарищ, Верховный совет, партия, октябренок, получка, тринадцатая зарплата, дворец пионеров, дом культуры, перестройка, гласность, марксизм, ленинизм, чебуречная, закусочная, забегаловка, сосисочная, рюмочная, авоська, бородинский хлеб, семейные трусы, спаренный телефон, маевка, пересменок, вафельное полотенце, хозяйственное мыло, молочная кухня, червонец, ЗАГС, НИИ, НЭП, БАМ, ДНЕПРОГЭС, КГБ, застой, продмаг, универсам, универмаг, водолазка, серп и молот, рабочий и колхозница, коллективизация, оттепель, дефицит, трудодень, пионерский лагерь, малогабаритная квартира, хрущевка;
historizms: царь, царица, царевич, царевна, бояре, дума, губерния, барин, крепостной, уезд, бурлак, тягач, оброк, кириллица, удел, боярин, боярыня, надел, угодие, поместье, аршин, локоть, целковый, бричка, деревня, околоток, молодец, красна-девица, дань, мужик, терем, камзол, калач, кулак, дрожки, тройка, гривенник, лавка;
folklorizms: чудо-юдо, Иван-дурак, колобок, баба-яга, кощей бессмертный, жар-птица, конек-горбунок, соловей-разбойник, леший, водяной, золотая рыбка, царь Салтан, царевна- несмеяна, царевна – лягушка, Иван – царевич, Елена прекрасная, терем – теремок, Морозко, снегурочка, Дед Мороз, царевна – лебедь, чебурашка, Аленушка, гуси – лебеди, сорока – белобока, змей - Горыныч;
words, borrowed from the former soviet republics: папаха, тюрбан, халат, тюбетейка, чалма, вареники, борщ, пампушки, шашлык, киш – миш, шаурма, долма, кюфта, айран, кефир, плов, люля – кябаб, лаваш, кальян, д.на, сарай, юрта, унты, каракульча, чебурек, мангал, шашлык, шампур, кишлак, хутор, село;
The second group is connotative lexis. The main difference between the first and the second group is that words included into CL can be translated into another language, but will have some additional connotations. For example, the word “birch” (береза). This tree can be found everywhere in Europe, America and Australia and everywhere the translation and the realia will be the same. Though for Russia and for the Russians this tree is not just a tree, but is it a symbol of our nature, motherland, the Queen of the Russian forests. A lot of set expressions are connected with the birch: «Стройна, как березка», «Береза - не угроза: где стоит, там и шумит», «Когда береза станет распускаться, сей овес» etc. So, a definite bulk of words, denoting some special connotative meaning for Russia can be found in the Russian language:
Лес, русский лес, медведь, зима, снег, земля, блины, хлеб, каша, мороз, малина, водка, соседи, парад, пригород, пригородная электричка, поземка, метель, полынья, прорубь, платок, сарафан, варенье, картошка, овес, пшено, поле, душа, русская душа, поляна, ромашка, василек, дорога, урожай, ягода, грибы, селедка, квашеная капуста, бочковые огурцы, шерстяные носки, шуба, русская тройка, телега, упряжка, тропинка, хоровод, ярмарка, рынок, свадьба, русская свадьба, мед, варежки, творожники, пирог, ватрушки.
The problem of connotative lexis has always been a controversial one for both students and mature scientist due to the problem of the material. In the present book we tried to collect some connotative items and house them into a special table that is in the end of the book (see Tables, Table 1).
In the exercises below you will be accustomed with some particular information that houses the problem of non-equivalent and connotative lexis in the Russian language.
