Pic. 2. Beads from the excavation XXXIV of the Kazan Kremlin
Beads are made of glass of 14 colours. There is only one decorated bead. Other beads are without decorations. A table 4 and 5 contains data about colour and transparency of glass material.
Table 4. Colours of beads. XXXIV excavation of the Kazan Kremlin.
Colour |
Amount |
% |
Green-yellow |
28 |
12,56 |
Blue-green |
32 |
14,35 |
Azure |
25 |
11,21 |
Green |
19 |
8,52 |
Colourless |
8 |
3,59 |
Red-brown |
12 |
5,38 |
Red |
2 |
0,89 |
Pink |
14 |
6,28 |
Lilac |
6 |
2,69 |
Blue |
4 |
1,79 |
Turquoise |
6 |
2,69 |
White |
23 |
10,31 |
Violet |
8 |
3,59 |
Milk-white |
35 |
15,7 |
Total |
223 |
100 |
Table 5. Degree of transparency of glass beads. XXXIV excavation of the Kazan Kremlin.
Ttransparency degree |
Amount |
% |
Transparent |
20 |
8,97 |
Translucent |
43 |
19,28 |
Opaque |
134 |
60,08 |
Impossible to ascertain |
26 |
11,66 |
Total |
223 |
100 |
Investigation of the technology revealed that beads were made in two different ways: winding and stretch. The table 6 demonstrates that most of beads were produced by the winding method.
Table 6. Distribution by the production method. XXXIV excavation of the Kazan Kremlin.
Technology |
Amount |
% |
Stretch |
9 |
4,04 |
Winding |
214 |
95,96 |
Total |
223 |
100 |
Chemical composition
To discover the composition of glass findings emission spectrum analysis was performed. In this purpose, one sample of each species different in form and color was selected. There were 27 beads, 9 glass and bottle scrap, 2 fragments of slag and 1 ash bead analyzed. Elemental compositions of beads were determined by emission spectral analysis. Tables 7 and 8 represent results of the analysis. Colour palettes of bottle glass and scrap are presented on pic. 3.
Pic.3 Samples of bottle glass and scrap.
Glass that were analysed does not respond Brill's classification [Brill R.H. Chemical Analyses of some Early Indian Glasses// Proceedings of the XIV International Congress on Glass. 1986. New Dehli, India. Archeometry of Glass/ Edited by H.C.Bherdwaj. Indian Ceramic Society. Calcutta, 1987. P.1-25]. Analysis revealed three types of chemical basis of beads. One hundred and six items belongs to the basis of Na-K-Ca-Si-Al. Ninety eight items belongs to the basis of Na-K-Ca-Si. Nineteen items have basis of K-Si-Pb (table 9).
Table 7 Macroelement composition of glass beads of Kazan Kremlin, %
№ |
code |
color |
CuO |
MnO |
PbO |
SnO |
TiO |
P2O5 |
CaO |
Fe2O3 |
Al2O3 |
K2O |
MgO |
Na2O |
SiO2 |
1 |
4266 |
green-yellow |
0,012 |
0,38 |
0,041 |
0,0004 |
0,27 |
4,81 |
19,95 |
0,69 |
2,16 |
12,28 |
1,05 |
3,18 |
54,86 |
2 |
4266 |
blue |
0,013 |
0,59 |
0,026 |
0,0003 |
0,21 |
6,07 |
23,8 |
0,7 |
3,4 |
12,95 |
1,36 |
3,31 |
47,12 |
3 |
4268 |
green |
0,007 |
0,052 |
0,024 |
0,0019 |
0,12 |
0,18 |
8,61 |
1,95 |
1,59 |
14,22 |
0,43 |
5,18 |
67,34 |
4 |
4269 |
red-brown |
0,005 |
0,009 |
0,003 |
0,001 |
0,074 |
0,15 |
4,73 |
0,09 |
0,91 |
17,85 |
0,26 |
5,62 |
70,18 |
5 |
4281 |
yellow |
0,007 |
0,004 |
13,87 |
5,07 |
0,072 |
0,05 |
6,91 |
0,09 |
0,91 |
13,33 |
0,72 |
3,67 |
55,14 |
6 |
4308 |
green |
0,31 |
0,058 |
20,15 |
0,0017 |
0,16 |
0,57 |
10,97 |
0,38 |
1,13 |
3,29 |
1,15 |
6,67 |
55,11 |
7 |
4309 |
green |
0,038 |
0,17 |
14,72 |
0,0046 |
0,19 |
0,39 |
10,94 |
6,19 |
1,71 |
3,46 |
0,87 |
6,17 |
55,08 |
8 |
4310 |
turquoise |
0,59 |
0,17 |
21,12 |
0,0092 |
0,23 |
0,67 |
11,12 |
0,49 |
1,68 |
4,24 |
1,36 |
3,24 |
55,02 |
9 |
4313а |
d.blue |
0,0063 |
0,23 |
0,0096 |
0,0002 |
0,091 |
0,42 |
5,66 |
0,14 |
2,39 |
3,54 |
0,43 |
3,61 |
83,37 |
10 |
4313б |
blue |
0,0066 |
0,023 |
0,0047 |
0,0005 |
0,16 |
2,77 |
15,31 |
0,11 |
2,27 |
6,17 |
0,53 |
3,89 |
68,48 |
11 |
4313в |
d.green |
0,0095 |
0,074 |
0,017 |
0,008 |
0,16 |
0,2 |
9,61 |
4,25 |
1,82 |
9,84 |
0,59 |
6,91 |
66,48 |
12 |
4313г |
pink |
0,061 |
0,023 |
0,011 |
0,001 |
0,12 |
3,21 |
13,84 |
0,13 |
1,71 |
6,44 |
0,42 |
5,07 |
68,53 |
13 |
4267а |
pink |
0,011 |
0,073 |
13,82 |
0,011 |
0,11 |
0,67 |
6,43 |
0,099 |
1,19 |
9,35 |
1,12 |
7,652 |
58,87 |
14 |
4267б |
d.blue |
0,011 |
0,031 |
8,91 |
0,014 |
0,066 |
0,19 |
3,64 |
0,094 |
0,97 |
10,35 |
0,71 |
8,71 |
65,27 |
15 |
4267в |
l.violet |
0,012 |
0,027 |
9,12 |
0,015 |
0,13 |
0,13 |
3,22 |
0,11 |
1,53 |
11,25 |
0,54 |
8,12 |
64,21 |
16 |
4247 |
spotted |
0,013 |
0,17 |
3,83 |
0,16 |
0,15 |
0,17 |
9,94 |
8,37 |
1,72 |
10,29 |
0,43 |
6,48 |
57,91 |
17 |
4293 |
yel.-brown |
0,0068 |
0,028 |
0,023 |
0,0006 |
0,097 |
0,14 |
11,53 |
0,072 |
1,55 |
11,52 |
0,64 |
6,08 |
68,29 |
18 |
4271 |
blue |
0,014 |
0,19 |
10,48 |
0,0006 |
0,16 |
0,13 |
14,65 |
0,089 |
1,61 |
11,79 |
0,89 |
3,38 |
56,57 |
19 |
4289 |
colourless |
0,0065 |
0,083 |
0,041 |
0,0009 |
0,16 |
0,14 |
12,97 |
0,11 |
1,55 |
14,52 |
3,91 |
1,12 |
65,34 |
20 |
4272 |
d.blue |
0,0613 |
0,25 |
13,07 |
0,059 |
0,15 |
0,13 |
10,08 |
0,17 |
1,68 |
11,21 |
0,39 |
1,44 |
61,03 |
21 |
4279а |
white |
0,011 |
0,069 |
0,0014 |
0,0003 |
0,01 |
3,21 |
14,51 |
0,06 |
1,34 |
9,95 |
0,57 |
3,89 |
66,34 |
22 |
4279б |
blue |
0,0054 |
0,27 |
0,0034 |
0,0003 |
0,17 |
0,95 |
14,73 |
0,21 |
3,41 |
12,08 |
1,33 |
3,89 |
62,91 |
23 |
4279в |
d.blue |
0,0051 |
0,18 |
0,008 |
0,0002 |
0,19 |
0,17 |
14,58 |
0,15 |
3,51 |
13,31 |
1,11 |
4,12 |
62,61 |
24 |
4273а |
green |
0,0086 |
0,089 |
0,0026 |
0,0004 |
0,11 |
0,24 |
10,51 |
3,33 |
1,45 |
9,46 |
0,47 |
4,63 |
69,68 |
25 |
4273б |
green-blue |
0,44 |
0,14 |
15,03 |
0,0077 |
0,15 |
0,16 |
11,74 |
0,54 |
1,63 |
9,08 |
0,87 |
3,47 |
56,71 |
26 |
2333 |
blue |
0,11 |
0,19 |
0,0011 |
0,0004 |
0,38 |
0,67 |
21,79 |
0,591 |
2,68 |
5,77 |
3,52 |
1,353 |
62,91 |
27 |
302 |
black |
0,12 |
1,39 |
0,012 |
0,0003 |
0,14 |
2,87 |
3,58 |
2,48 |
4,19 |
0,12 |
1,74 |
0,053 |
82,67 |
28 |
bone bead |
0,0078 |
0,066 |
0,027 |
0,0007 |
0,084 |
44,65 |
40,6 |
0,11 |
0,002 |
0,39 |
0,60 |
0,48 |
12,71 |
|
29 |
Glass scrap |
white |
0,005 |
0,011 |
0,005 |
0,0007 |
0,098 |
6,92 |
17,59 |
0,22 |
1,49 |
9,968 |
0,54 |
4,24 |
57,82 |
30 |
green |
0,012 |
0,16 |
0,002 |
0,0003 |
0,36 |
1,71 |
18,52 |
0,74 |
2,51 |
7,48 |
3,47 |
2,385 |
62,62 |
|
31 |
d.blue-green |
0,029 |
0,43 |
0,016 |
0,0032 |
0,36 |
0,63 |
17,94 |
3,02 |
3,41 |
1,35 |
4,08 |
8,784 |
59,92 |
|
32 |
blue |
0,016 |
0,17 |
0,003 |
0,0004 |
0,31 |
1,58 |
17,19 |
1,17 |
2,84 |
9,44 |
4,42 |
2,74 |
60,08 |
|
33 |
d.blue |
0,0081 |
0,39 |
0,0036 |
0,0003 |
0,36 |
0,36 |
14,41 |
0,11 |
0,58 |
12,03 |
4,62 |
0,61 |
67,01 |
|
34 |
colourless |
0,0081 |
0,87 |
0,0008 |
0,0003 |
0,15 |
2,36 |
10,36 |
0,45 |
0,61 |
0,18 |
4,76 |
11,17 |
69,03 |
|
35 |
l. green |
0,0073 |
0,11 |
0,0007 |
0,0003 |
0,31 |
2,14 |
19,53 |
0,41 |
2,08 |
5,77 |
4,08 |
2,45 |
63,07 |
|
36 |
yellow-green |
0,012 |
1,01 |
0,034 |
0,0014 |
0,19 |
8,77 |
20,12 |
2,16 |
2,29 |
10,21 |
3,54 |
1,42 |
50,11 |
|
37 |
brown-green |
0,017 |
0,22 |
0,23 |
0,028 |
0,43 |
0,35 |
5,04 |
3,59 |
4,35 |
2,29 |
3,83 |
15,18 |
64,41 |
|
38 |
slag |
l.green |
0,004 |
0,047 |
0,0008 |
0,0003 |
0,91 |
0,14 |
1,68 |
3,0 |
31,19 |
3,03 |
0,88 |
1,73 |
57,82 |
39 |
dark |
0,004 |
0,21 |
0,0009 |
0,0041 |
0,35 |
0,22 |
1,96 |
21,45 |
6,05 |
0,62 |
0,17 |
0,22 |
64,2 |
|
|
ash |
0,002 |
0,067 |
0,0017 |
0,0006 |
0,28 |
10,37 |
19,37 |
3,58 |
6,14 |
5,45 |
2,21 |
3,6 |
48,16 |
|
Table 8 Microelement composition of glass beads of Kazan Kremlin.
Conc.= Сх10n% |
n |
-4 |
-2 |
-4 |
-3 |
-2 |
-4 |
-4 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-2 |
-3 |
-3 |
-4 |
-2 |
-2 |
||
№ |
code |
color |
Ag |
As |
Au |
B |
Ba |
Be |
Bi |
Со |
Cr |
Ga |
Li |
Nb |
Ni |
Sc |
Sr |
V |
Y |
Yb |
Zn |
Zr |
|
1 |
4266 |
green-yellow |
0,06 |
0,4 |
0 |
32 |
12 |
0,8 |
0,45 |
0,67 |
1 |
0,77 |
2,4 |
0,55 |
2,3 |
0,19 |
3,2 |
0,9 |
0,91 |
0,9 |
6,4 |
0,97 |
|
2 |
4266 |
blue |
0,03 |
0,5 |
0 |
33 |
39 |
0,8 |
0,56 |
0,68 |
1,2 |
0,81 |
2,6 |
0,45 |
2,4 |
0,18 |
11,1 |
1 |
0,71 |
0,87 |
6,1 |
0,81 |
|
3 |
4268 |
green |
0,4 |
3,1 |
0 |
12 |
2,9 |
0,7 |
3,9 |
2,1 |
0,68 |
0,56 |
3,5 |
0,6 |
5,4 |
0,27 |
0,91 |
1,1 |
0,69 |
0,82 |
0,3 |
0,5 |
|
4 |
4269 |
red-brown |
0,29 |
0,7 |
0 |
6,3 |
0,72 |
0,6 |
0,44 |
1,05 |
0,58 |
0,25 |
2,9 |
0,75 |
2 |
0,23 |
0,48 |
0,5 |
0,63 |
0,57 |
0,27 |
0,14 |
|
5 |
4281 |
yellow |
41 |
0,3 |
0 |
1,2 |
0,7 |
0,7 |
38 |
0,85 |
0,51 |
1,11 |
5,8 |
0,75 |
0,45 |
0,15 |
0,75 |
0,5 |
0,68 |
0,58 |
0,33 |
0,35 |
|
6 |
4308 |
blue |
14 |
0,5 |
0 |
14 |
4 |
1 |
1,8 |
0,93 |
1,5 |
0,4 |
2,9 |
0,67 |
2,7 |
0,32 |
3,9 |
1,3 |
0,71 |
0,83 |
0,58 |
0,79 |
|
7 |
4309 |
colourless |
18,5 |
0,5 |
0 |
35 |
6 |
1,1 |
0,9 |
1,9 |
2,3 |
0,67 |
3 |
0,79 |
2,8 |
0,21 |
6 |
2,6 |
0,71 |
1,49 |
0,52 |
1,14 |
|
8 |
4310 |
blue |
16,2 |
0,5 |
0 |
16 |
13,4 |
1,2 |
2,2 |
0,5 |
2,2 |
0,25 |
2,6 |
0,51 |
2,35 |
0,22 |
16 |
1,5 |
0,66 |
0,75 |
0,66 |
1,01 |
|
9 |
4313а |
d.blue |
0,74 |
1,7 |
0 |
3,1 |
3,8 |
1,2 |
3,2 |
9,9 |
1,4 |
0,32 |
2,1 |
0,8 |
5,6 |
0,53 |
0,73 |
1,7 |
0,68 |
0,79 |
0,32 |
0,54 |
|
10 |
4313б |
blue |
0,91 |
16 |
0 |
6,6 |
2,6 |
0,7 |
8,3 |
27,5 |
1,1 |
0,33 |
2,6 |
0,62 |
23 |
0,22 |
1,9 |
1,5 |
0,73 |
0,64 |
0,18 |
0,39 |
|
11 |
4313в |
d.green |
1,7 |
2,5 |
0 |
9,2 |
2 |
1,3 |
0,3 |
1,6 |
1,5 |
0,57 |
3,25 |
0,74 |
3,75 |
0,26 |
0,91 |
1,6 |
0,6 |
0,92 |
0,25 |
0,33 |
|
12 |
4313г |
pink |
3,2 |
25 |
0 |
10 |
1,39 |
1,2 |
13 |
28,5 |
1 |
0,51 |
2,65 |
0,7 |
25 |
0,34 |
1,4 |
1,4 |
0,61 |
0,75 |
0,2 |
0,29 |
|
13 |
4267а |
pink |
6,6 |
39 |
23 |
4,5 |
0,79 |
1,3 |
1,9 |
0,52 |
0,9 |
0,35 |
2,4 |
0,74 |
0,8 |
0,16 |
4,25 |
12 |
0,72 |
0,8 |
0,22 |
0,49 |
|
14 |
4267б |
d.blue |
8,9 |
55 |
23 |
3,7 |
0,8 |
1,2 |
1 |
16 |
0,7 |
0,26 |
2,75 |
0,81 |
1,35 |
0,19 |
1,85 |
2,4 |
0,64 |
0,72 |
0,26 |
0,33 |
|
15 |
4267в |
l.violet |
5,7 |
63 |
23 |
3,7 |
1,14 |
1,2 |
1,5 |
0,71 |
0,9 |
0,33 |
2,45 |
0,77 |
1,01 |
0,39 |
2,15 |
1,8 |
0,61 |
0,77 |
0,21 |
0,48 |
|
16 |
4247 |
spotted |
16 |
4,9 |
0 |
8,15 |
4,15 |
1,0 |
1,6 |
30 |
1,4 |
0,56 |
2,7 |
0,85 |
2 |
0,28 |
1,8 |
1,6 |
0,78 |
2 |
0,26 |
1,25 |
|
17 |
4293 |
yellow |
0,55 |
0,6 |
0 |
5,5 |
0,85 |
1,3 |
0,6 |
0,87 |
1 |
0,39 |
2,6 |
0,85 |
2,2 |
0,33 |
0,75 |
1,2 |
0,7 |
0,72 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
|
18 |
4271 |
blue |
19 |
6,5 |
0 |
12 |
19,5 |
1,3 |
7,4 |
24 |
2,3 |
0,42 |
2,95 |
0,72 |
8,45 |
0,29 |
3,8 |
1,5 |
0,94 |
1,11 |
0,22 |
2,3 |
|
19 |
4289 |
colourless |
1,39 |
1,6 |
0 |
14 |
1,65 |
1,2 |
0,24 |
0,65 |
1,9 |
0,35 |
2,65 |
0,75 |
1,55 |
0,34 |
22,5 |
1,4 |
0,78 |
0,81 |
0,22 |
1,02 |
|
20 |
4272 |
d.blue |
17,5 |
17 |
0 |
6,4 |
22 |
1,2 |
9,9 |
53,5 |
2 |
0,31 |
2,9 |
0,77 |
18 |
0,35 |
3,75 |
2,2 |
0,75 |
0,88 |
0,23 |
1,18 |
|
21 |
4279а |
white |
0,66 |
5,2 |
0 |
4,5 |
0,8 |
1,3 |
0,3 |
0,4 |
1,4 |
0,3 |
4,8 |
0,78 |
1,4 |
0,45 |
1,35 |
1,6 |
0,66 |
0,86 |
0,3 |
0,29 |
|
22 |
4279б |
blue |
3,3 |
6,4 |
0 |
24 |
2,6 |
1,2 |
12,5 |
45 |
2,3 |
0,56 |
2,95 |
0,65 |
25,5 |
0,36 |
2,25 |
1,9 |
0,74 |
0,89 |
0,22 |
0,75 |
|
23 |
4279в |
d.blue |
0,62 |
2,1 |
0 |
3,1 |
2,95 |
1,4 |
170 |
55 |
2,2 |
0,48 |
2,75 |
0,8 |
20 |
0,54 |
2,15 |
2 |
1,27 |
0,91 |
0,49 |
0,73 |
|
24 |
4273а |
green |
0,41 |
1,9 |
0 |
5,1 |
1,15 |
1,2 |
6,2 |
0,94 |
1,5 |
0,46 |
2,5 |
0,67 |
2,55 |
0,24 |
1,0 |
1,3 |
0,65 |
0,77 |
0,42 |
1,8 |
|
25 |
4273б |
turquoise |
28 |
9,3 |
0 |
19,5 |
3,6 |
1,1 |
2,1 |
0,58 |
2,4 |
0,39 |
2,6 |
0,78 |
2,45 |
0,27 |
3,05 |
1,9 |
0,81 |
0,99 |
0,33 |
0,94 |
|
26 |
2333 |
blue |
2,1 |
0,3 |
0 |
15 |
9,4 |
1,1 |
0,35 |
0,65 |
5,6 |
0,71 |
2,4 |
0,72 |
2,45 |
0,52 |
6,8 |
2,2 |
1,9 |
1,7 |
0,54 |
2,1 |
|
27 |
302 |
black |
1,1 |
0,6 |
0 |
1,1 |
49 |
1,8 |
1,2 |
165 |
1,8 |
0,58 |
2,8 |
1,2 |
31 |
0,96 |
7,5 |
2,1 |
1,6 |
1,3 |
8,4 |
2,3 |
|
28 |
bone bead |
0,25 |
0,13 |
0 |
1,1 |
20 |
0,6 |
2,2 |
0,18 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
4,2 |
0,6 |
0,45 |
0,2 |
4,7 |
0,6 |
0,55 |
0,75 |
8,3 |
0,1 |
||
29 |
scrap |
white |
0,04 |
99 |
0 |
10 |
1,9 |
0,8 |
0,65 |
0,6 |
0,42 |
0,25 |
2,1 |
0,55 |
1,8 |
0,21 |
1,8 |
0,7 |
0,66 |
0,69 |
0,35 |
0,18 |
|
30 |
green |
0,67 |
0,3 |
0 |
23 |
20 |
1,3 |
0,22 |
0,7 |
3,1 |
0,71 |
2,9 |
0,78 |
1,9 |
0,56 |
12,5 |
2,1 |
1,9 |
2,1 |
0,76 |
1,9 |
||
31 |
d.blue-green |
0,69 |
0,2 |
0 |
9 |
21 |
1,4 |
0,25 |
0,84 |
4,3 |
0,71 |
3 |
0,75 |
1,6 |
0,62 |
11 |
2,9 |
2 |
2 |
0,59 |
1,9 |
||
32 |
blue |
0,97 |
0,5 |
0 |
7,6 |
14 |
1 |
0,23 |
0,74 |
4,5 |
0,7 |
2,5 |
0,73 |
2,2 |
0,45 |
10 |
2,2 |
1,5 |
1,7 |
0,56 |
1,8 |
||
33 |
d.blue |
0,23 |
4,4 |
0 |
9,85 |
2,8 |
0,9 |
185 |
28 |
0,4 |
0,16 |
3,1 |
1,1 |
58 |
0,1 |
1,9 |
0,5 |
0,9 |
1,0 |
0,3 |
0,7 |
||
34 |
colorless |
0,1 |
0,3 |
0 |
1,7 |
15,1 |
1,1 |
0,21 |
0,15 |
2 |
0,28 |
2,6 |
0,67 |
0,2 |
0,12 |
0,84 |
1 |
1 |
0,88 |
0,23 |
1,7 |
||
35 |
l.green |
0,14 |
0,3 |
0 |
20 |
16 |
1,1 |
0,19 |
0,52 |
2,7 |
0,41 |
3,2 |
0,81 |
1 |
0,19 |
40 |
1,8 |
1,1 |
0,9 |
0,76 |
1,5 |
||
36 |
yellow-green |
0,11 |
0,1 |
0 |
106 |
22 |
1,7 |
0,8 |
1,3 |
3,2 |
0,5 |
3 |
1,3 |
2,1 |
0,3 |
2,7 |
0,9 |
1,9 |
2,7 |
5,6 |
3,5 |
||
37 |
brown-green |
1,8 |
0,6 |
0 |
20 |
1,9 |
1,3 |
0,33 |
1,2 |
20 |
1,29 |
3,3 |
0,9 |
3,1 |
1,2 |
4,2 |
6,7 |
2,5 |
2,6 |
0,36 |
1,8 |
||
38 |
slag |
l.green |
0,08 |
0,2 |
0 |
1,4 |
5,4 |
2,1 |
0,7 |
0,8 |
6,2 |
2,5 |
3,8 |
1,3 |
3,5 |
1,3 |
1 |
8,2 |
2,7 |
3,1 |
0,41 |
7,8 |
|
39 |
dark |
0,06 |
0,2 |
0 |
3,1 |
12 |
1,5 |
0,7 |
2,5 |
3,1 |
1,1 |
3,3 |
0,9 |
19 |
1,5 |
1,1 |
1,4 |
2,1 |
3,4 |
0,52 |
1,7 |
||
40 |
ash |
0,18 |
0,2 |
0 |
1,7 |
27 |
2,2 |
1 |
1 |
3,7 |
0,7 |
3 |
0,8 |
1,4 |
1,1 |
2,8 |
4,8 |
1,8 |
1,7 |
1,37 |
3,4 |
||
Table 9. The types of chemical bases of beads.
Types |
Amount |
% |
Na-K-Ca-Si-Al |
105 |
47,09 |
Na-K-Ca-Si |
98 |
43,96 |
K-Si-Pb |
19 |
8,52 |
Impossible to ascertain |
1 |
0,44 |
Total |
223 |
100 |
Results and discussion
Results in the Table 1 show variety of composition of Kazan beads. From the chemical analysis of beads structure it was established that most of them had been made of glass, which is identical to the bottle glass from this building. Some of the beads and glass fragments have high content of Р (2%-7%) and K (9%-18), which is specific to the late XVIII c. glass [2].
Most beads have lead component from 3,5% (4247) up to 21% (4310). Analogy in lead component can be found in glass of later Middle Age, which contained 18-30% of lead and 10-20% of potassium (Galibin V.A., 2001, p. 82, 188-189). However, unlike our samples it contained low percent of aluminum - less than 1%. Closer analogues of lead glass are beads of XV-XVI cc. from the Amur Region (Galibin V.A., 2001, p. 82, 194-195).
Those results confirm the fact, that the material for the workshop was glassware that had gone out of use. Debris of glass items was close in composition to later Middle Age glass, while beads were oddments of jewelry from the Far East.
Beads 4281 contain 5% of tin. Taking into consideration large amount of potassium it is possible to assume that master used bottle glass with an addition of lead-tin component. It is possible that tin was used in the original glass as a "blocker" to obtain opaque yellow material. However, we cannot exclude the variant of unintentional usage of lead-tin additive or lead-tin glass.
There is a group of beads with heightened content of phosphorus (№№ 4313, 4279, 4078, and 4266) from 2% to 7%. Such content is typical for later glass of XVII – XVIII cc. (V.A. Galibin, 2001. p. 201-203), though there are single examples of such glass from X – XIII cc. Another characteristic peculiarity of samples is large concentration of potassium. The content of K is lower than 6.5% only in samples 4308, 4309, 4310, 4313; other samples contain 9-18% of potassium. Such content of potassium with phosphorus are typical for glass of XVIII cc. (V.A. Galibin, 2001. p. 201-203). Phosphorus is absent in glass of XIX c. because of usage of purer potash in glass production.
It seems legit that later Russian glass contained potassium, because namely in the XVII c. is the beginning of the industrial production of potash. In XVIII – XIX cc. Russia was one of the largest manufacturers and exporters of potash, which was widely used in tinctorial and bleaching industry, salt production, snuff production and in glassware industry. Therefore, the glass that was used by the Kremlin master had standard composition for that period. Opaque colour of some beads is caused by the presence of phosphate salts.
Results of the microelemental analysis reveal significant difference in concentrations almost for all elements. Heightened content of Co, Ag, Cu, Mn can be caused by usage of technological additives (colourants, bleachers, dummies), but the significant diversity of concentrations of Au, As, Ba, Вi, Sr, Zn proves that glass half-stuff or glass scrap were used as raw materials for the production of beads. Those raw materials were extremely different in elemental and in technological content. This fact is also proved by the presence of gold only in one group of beads, as well as presence of significant amount of bismuth (0,017%) merely in another one.
Glass in beads in general has the same composition as glass of fragments. Content of elements in beads 4266 and is similar to scrap of yellow-green color (№1,2 and №36, tab.8, 9) , and in beads 4279в and in dark blue glass (№23 and № 33, tab.8, 9) concentration of elements is near the same (including content of Bi, Co, Ni). Samples of beads number 4266 of various colors have almost the same composition. However, it can be notice one peculiarity: sample of blue color in comparison with green-yellow sample contains larger amount of Ca, P, Mg, Sr and Ba). It seams, that blue beads were made of green-yellow beads with addition some ingredient.
Table 10. The correlation of macroelements in the beads and bottle glass.
№ |
шифр |
цвет |
CuO |
MnO |
PbO |
SnO |
TiO |
P2O5 |
CaO |
Fe2O3 |
Al2O3 |
K2O |
MgO |
Na2O |
SiO2 |
1 |
4266 |
зелено-желтый |
0,012 |
0,38 |
0,041 |
0,0004 |
0,27 |
4,81 |
19,95 |
0,69 |
2,16 |
12,28 |
1,05 |
3,18 |
54,86 |
2 |
4266 |
голубой |
0,013 |
0,59 |
0,026 |
0,0003 |
0,21 |
6,07 |
23,8 |
0,7 |
3,4 |
12,95 |
1,36 |
3,31 |
47,12 |
23 |
4279в |
синий |
0,0051 |
0,18 |
0,008 |
0,0002 |
0,19 |
0,17 |
14,58 |
0,15 |
3,51 |
13,31 |
1,11 |
4,12 |
62,61 |
|
стеклянные осколки |
желто-зеленый |
0,012 |
1,01 |
0,034 |
0,0014 |
0,19 |
8,77 |
20,12 |
2,16 |
2,29 |
10,21 |
3,54 |
1,42 |
50,11 |
32 |
синий |
0,0081 |
0,39 |
0,0036 |
0,0003 |
0,36 |
0,36 |
14,41 |
0,11 |
0,58 |
12,03 |
4,62 |
0,61 |
67,01 |
Table 11. The correlation of microelements in the beads and bottle glass.
Конц-я= Сх10n |
n |
-4 |
-2 |
-4 |
-3 |
-2 |
-4 |
-4 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-3 |
-2 |
-3 |
-3 |
-4 |
-2 |
-2 |
|
№ |
шифр |
цвет |
Ag |
As |
Au |
B |
Ba |
Be |
Bi |
Со |
Cr |
Ga |
Li |
Nb |
Ni |
Sc |
Sr |
V |
Y |
Yb |
Zn |
Zr |
1 |
4266 |
зелено-желтый |
0,06 |
0,4 |
0 |
32 |
12 |
0,8 |
0,45 |
0,67 |
1 |
0,77 |
2,4 |
0,55 |
2,3 |
0,19 |
3,2 |
0,9 |
0,91 |
0,9 |
6,4 |
0,97 |
2 |
4266 |
голубой |
0,03 |
0,5 |
0 |
33 |
39 |
0,8 |
0,56 |
0,68 |
1,2 |
0,81 |
2,6 |
0,45 |
2,4 |
0,18 |
11,1 |
1 |
0,71 |
0,87 |
6,1 |
0,81 |
23 |
4279в |
синий |
0,62 |
2,1 |
0 |
3,1 |
2,9 |
1,4 |
170 |
55 |
2,2 |
0,48 |
2,75 |
0,8 |
20 |
0,54 |
2,15 |
2 |
1,27 |
0,91 |
0,49 |
0,73 |
47 |
стеклянные осколки |
желто-зеленый |
0,11 |
0,1 |
0 |
106 |
22 |
1,7 |
0,8 |
1,3 |
3,2 |
0,5 |
3 |
1,3 |
2,1 |
0,3 |
2,7 |
0,9 |
1,9 |
2,7 |
5,6 |
3,5 |
32 |
синий |
0,23 |
4,4 |
0 |
9,85 |
2,8 |
0,9 |
185 |
28 |
0,4 |
0,16 |
3,1 |
1,1 |
58 |
0,1 |
1,9 |
0,5 |
0,9 |
1,0 |
0,3 |
0,7 |
|
Based on the element analysis of production wastes and produced goods it can be supposed, that we have discovered small workshop with incomplete production cycle, where beads were produced from glass scrap. Several single beads differ both in composition and in decoration from all other beads. It seems that these beads were used in melting cycle. In addition, they were used as insets in copper buttons, studs and earrings and glass вставки, which hollow remains, were discovered in the same excavation zone (Pic.4).
Pic.4 Copper buttons, earring and glass
Another peculiarity of glass composition of studied samples is correlation between Ni and Co (pic. 5). A peculiarity is a correlation between Ni and Co for a majority of investigated samples. This relation is non-obligatory in case of glass coloring with cobalt. And this correlation indicates usage of the coloring agent with identical composition in all goods. It can be assume that dark blue glass coloring was performed by addition of correspondent components or breakage of dark blue glass.
Pic. 5 Со and Ni correlation.
Beads 4267 have similar composition but different color - dark violet, pink and light violet. Only in these samples we have gold as micro-admixture (Table 2 №№ 13, 14,15). It means that the same base was used for their production. This base contained Pb component and was colored red. Diagram of macroelement content in relative units is presented in pic.6.
Pic.6 Diagram of macroelement content in relative units
Pic.7 Beads production scheme
Macro and micro elemental compositions of beads of all colors from group 4276 are almost identical. The difference for the blue sample is large amount of cobalt, for the pink sample it is large concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and lead. Those differences can be explained by the technology of beads production. Some of the components evaporate during a long heat treatment (about 1000 Сº), so blue and lilac beads had been through the longer period of production. If the master took the pink sample as the initial glass mass, then he obtained blue glass by the addition of the colorant - compound of cobalt. Lilac beads were made by mixing of pink glass and small amount of blue glass, which is confirmed by intervening contents of dissimilar macro elements. That is why blue and lilac glass were produced by multiple remelting. Pic. 7 represents scheme of production of beads 4267.
Big black bead 302 contains most surprising glass (pic.8). The content of this bead is not a glass actually (№27 in tables 1 and 2), because there is no potassium and sodium and plumbum, so there is no main glassmaking components. It looks like some natural siliceous mineral. But the presence of phosphorus and metamorphic changes of upper layers of the bead, show that it is artificially made material. It is possible that master used some natural stone during glass melting. But to melt quartz one needs fluxing agent, to lower the melting temperature. Phosphorus anhydrite is one of such reagents. It is sometimes used nowadays as a processing aid in quartz glass production.
