14. Complete the following sentences.

1. In Russia young people can get technical education at … which train engineers for different … .

2. The total number of students of such educational institutions includes …, …, … and … .

3. Russian higher educational establishments offer different …. .

4. Higher technical schools (universities, academies, institutes and colleges) develop …. that … of the society.

5. They …. in civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering, electrical engineering, industrial electronics, automation, surveying, geodesy, information technology, etc.

6. …. of higher technical education is the introduction of courses.

7. Computer science aims at …. with understanding how software and hardware technology … .

8. Laboratory work is … .

9. … will help students to de­velop their practical skills.

10. Students go through …. and become familiar with all stages of ….

11. A lot of students take part in … which …. usually con­duct.

12. … carry out research in different fields of science and engineering.

15. Dis­cuss with your partner

• Different specializations for students

• The main trend in the development of higher technical education

• Practical training

• Scientific and research work

16. Speak on the following topic:

• Higher Technical Education in Russia.

1. Read the text without dictionary. Sum up the information from the text. Text b

In pre-revolutionary Russia there were several higher technical schools which trained engineers. The oldest Russian engineering school was in St.Petersburg, where some well- known scientists taught outstanding Russian scientests A.P. Karpinsky, B.I. Boky and others. Among the famous scientists who lectured at the Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk) Technical Institute was Professor I.K. Sobo- levsky, whose subject was geodesy.

The Technological Institute in Tomsk was opened in 1900. It was the oldest industrial and cultural center of Siberia. The Tomsk Tech­nological Institute had three departments: engineering, chemical and mining. The Don Polytechnic Institute was founded in Novocherkassk in 1907. In 1916 a new Tech­nological Institute in Yekaterinburg came into existence.

The total number of students did not exceed two thousand who graduated from technical institutes each year. That was far below the number needed. It was quite obvious that the small number of these institutions could not cope with the problem of training specialists in engineering. Little wonder that there was a shortage of engineers in pre-revolutionary Russia.

After the Revolution the Moscow Technical Academy was the first higher technical educational establishment. In the early thirties the Academy established close contacts with different industrial enterprises.

The need for engineers increased so much that the Academy could not cope with the problem of train­ing a large number of specialists for the country. As a result a lot of new technical institutes appeared all over the country

In 1950 a new technical institute was founded in Kemerovo, the center of the coal and chemical industries in West Siberia. Later the Kemerovo Mining Institute was transformed into the Polytechnic Institute which is now one of the largest and most important engineering colleges in West Siberia.

1. Find in each paragraph the sentence which expresses its main idea.

2. Read first two passages and enumerate all technical institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia.

3. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:

Высшие учебные заведения; известные ученые; основывать; контингент студентов; справляться с (чем-л.), не удивительно, что; недостаток инженеров; в на-чале 30-х годов; проводить исследования; к тому времени; большое количество; среди новых институтов; появляться; преобразовывать

4. Complete the following questions and answer them.

1. How many ____________ in pre-revolutionary Russia?

2. Where _____________ the oldest Russian technical school?

3. What subject ________ Professor Sobolevsky _________?

4. When ___________ Tech­nological Institute in Yekaterinburg _____ into existence?

5. _____ a shortage of engineers in pre-revolutionary Russia?

6. Decide which title is the most suitable.

• Technical education in Russia

• Technical education in Siberia and the Far East

• The Development of technical education in Russia