4. Translate the following words into Russian.

to offer	['ɔfə]
protection	[prə'tekʃ(ə)n]
skilled	[skɪld]
workshop	['wɜːkʃɔp]
to be of importance	[biː əv ɪm'pɔːt(ə)n(t)s]
to give an opportunity	[gɪv ən ˌɔpə'tjuːnətɪ]

7. Guess the meanings of the italicized words.

Special institutes; geologists and mining engineers; mechanical and electrical engineers; social sciences; specialized subjects; the type of specialization and qualification; theoretical courses; skilled engineering specialists; hydraulic engineering; electrical engineering; industrial electronics; control systems; the computers; practical application.

8. Read and translate text a. Find in the text sentences concerning:

• Courses which universities provide

• The main trend in the development of higher technical education

• The process of teaching

Text A

In Russia young people get technical education at special institutes which train engineers for different branches of industry. The total number of students of such educational institutions includes full-time students, part-time students, correspondence course students and postgraduate students.

Russian higher educational establishments offer different spe­cializations for the students.

Higher technical schools (universities, academies, institutes and colleges) develop a wide range of courses and programs that meet the requirements of the society. They offer courses in civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering, electrical engineering, industrial electronics, automation, surveying, geodesy, information technology, etc.

The main trend in the development of higher technical education is the introduction of courses in environmental protection, manage­ment (environmental human resources), economics and manage­ment of industrial enterprises, marketing studies, computer-aided design (CAD) and others.

Computer science is also of great importance. The course aims at providing students with understanding how software and hardware technology helps solving problems.

Laboratory work is an important part in training specialists. Experiments in laboratories and workshops will help students to de­velop their practical skills. They have a short period of field work to gain working experience.

The students go through practical training at factories, plants and other industrial enterprises. They become familiar with all stages of production and every job from worker to engineer. Here they get practical knowledge and experience necessary for their diploma (graduation) papers.

A lot of students belong to students’ scientific groups. They take part in the research projects which their departments usually con­duct. Postgraduates carry out research in different fields of science and engineering.

Sport centers give the students opportunities to play different sports such as tennis, football, basketball, volleyball, swimming, skiing, water polo, boxing, wrestling and others.

Students graduate from technical universities as civil engineers, ecologists, electrical engineers, geologists, etc.