- •Preface to the Second Edition
- •Preface to the First Edition
- •ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- •Contents
- •1.1 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •2.1 INTRODUCTION
- •2.2 CORROSION BY LIQUIDS
- •2.2.1 Introduction
- •2.2.2 Crystalline Materials
- •Attack by Molten Glasses
- •Attack by Molten Salts
- •Electrochemical Corrosion
- •Attack by Molten Metals
- •Attack by Aqueous Media
- •2.2.3 Glasses
- •Bulk Glasses
- •Fiber Glass
- •Bioactive Glass
- •2.3 CORROSION BY GAS
- •2.3.1 Crystalline Materials
- •2.3.2 Vacuum
- •2.3.3 Glasses
- •2.4 CORROSION BY SOLID
- •2.5 SURFACE EFFECTS
- •2.5.1 Surface Charge
- •2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
- •2.5.3 Surface Energy
- •2.6 ACID/BASE EFFECTS
- •2.7 THERMODYNAMICS
- •2.7.1 Mathematical Representation
- •2.7.2 Graphical Representation
- •2.8 KINETICS
- •2.9 DIFFUSION
- •2.10 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
- •2.11 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •2.12 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •3.1 INTRODUCTION
- •3.2 LABORATORY TEST VS. FIELD TRIALS
- •3.3 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PREPARATION
- •3.4 SELECTION OF TEST CONDITIONS
- •3.5 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
- •3.5.1 Microstructure and Phase Analysis
- •Visual Observation
- •Optical Microscopy
- •X-ray Diffractometry
- •Transmission Electron Microscopy
- •3.5.2 Chemical Analysis
- •Bulk Analysis
- •Surface Analysis
- •3.5.3 Physical Property Measurement
- •Gravimetry and Density
- •Porosity-Surface Area
- •Mechanical Property Tests
- •3.6 DATA REDUCTION
- •3.7 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •3.8 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •4.1 INTRODUCTION
- •4.2 ASTM STANDARDS
- •4.2.16 Permeability of Refractories, C-577
- •4.2.26 Lead and Cadmium Extracted from Glazed Ceramic Surfaces, C-738
- •4.3 NONSTANDARD TESTS
- •4.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •4.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •5.1 ATTACK BY LIQUIDS
- •5.1.1 Attack by Glasses
- •Alumina-Containing Materials
- •Zircon
- •Zirconia
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.2 Attack by Aqueous Solutions
- •Alumina
- •Silica and Silicates
- •Concrete, Cement, Limestone, Marble, and Clay
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •Superconductors
- •Titanates and Titania
- •Transition Metal Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •5.1.3 Attack by Molten Salts
- •Oxides
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Superconductors
- •5.1.4 Attack by Molten Metals
- •5.2 ATTACK BY GASES
- •5.2.1 Oxides
- •Alumina
- •Alumino-Silicatcs
- •Magnesia-Containing Materials
- •Zirconia
- •5.2.2 Nitrides and Carbides
- •Silicon Nitride
- •Other Nitrides
- •Silicon Carbide
- •Other Carbides
- •5.2.3 Borides
- •5.2.4 Silicides
- •5.2.5 Superconductors
- •5.3 ATTACK BY SOLIDS
- •5.3.1 Silica
- •5.3.2 Magnesia
- •5.3.3 Superconductors
- •5.3.4 Attack by Metals
- •5.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •5.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •6.1 INTRODUCTION
- •6.2 SILICATE GLASSES
- •6.3 BOROSILICATE GLASSES
- •6.4 LEAD-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.5 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING GLASSES
- •6.6 FLUORIDE GLASSES
- •6.7 CHALCOGENIDE-HALIDE GLASSES
- •6.8 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •6.9 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •7.1 INTRODUCTION
- •7.2 REINFORCEMENT
- •7.2.1 Fibers
- •7.2.2 Fiber Coatings or Interphases
- •7.2.3 Particulates
- •7.3 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.3.1 Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •Al2O3-Matrix Composites
- •Other Oxide-Matrix Composites
- •7.3.2 Nonoxide-Matrix Composites
- •Si3N4 Matrix Composites
- •SiC-Matrix Composites
- •Carbon-Carbon Composites
- •Other Nonoxide Matrix Composites
- •7.4 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.5 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
- •7.6 ADDITIONAL RELATED READINGS
- •7.7 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •8.1 INTRODUCTION
- •8.2 MECHANISMS
- •8.2.1 Crystalline Materials
- •8.2.2 Glassy Materials
- •8.3 DEGRADATION OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS
- •8.3.1 Degradation by Oxidation
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Oxynitrides
- •8.3.2 Degradation by Moisture
- •8.3.3 Degradation by Other Atmospheres
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.4 Degradation by Molten Salts
- •Carbides and Nitrides
- •Zirconia-Containing Materials
- •8.3.5 Degradation by Molten Metals
- •8.3.6 Degradation by Aqueous Solutions
- •Bioactive Materials
- •Nitrides
- •Glassy Materials
- •8.4 ADDITIONAL RELATED READING
- •8.5 EXERCISES, QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS
- •REFERENCES
- •9.1 INTRODUCTION
- •9.2 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—OXIDES
- •9.2.1 Property Optimization
- •9.2.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.3 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS—NONOXIDES
- •9.3.1 Property Improvement
- •9.3.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •9.4 GLASSY MATERIALS
- •9.4.1 Property Optimization
- •9.4.2 External Methods of Improvement
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Epilog
Corrosion of
Ceramic and Composite
Materials
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
CORROSION TECHNOLOGY
Editor
Philip A.Schweitzer, P.E.
Consultant
York, Pennsylvania
1.Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Philip A.Schweitzer
2.Corrosion Resistant Coatings Technology, Ichiro Suzuki
3.Corrosion Resistance of Elastomers, Philip A.Schweitzer
4.Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded (Parts A and B), Philip A.Schweitzer
5.Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems, Philip A.Schweitzer
6.Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Frank C.Porter
7.Corrosion of Ceramics, Ronald A.McCauley
8.Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, edited by P.Marcus and J.Oudar
9.Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels, C.P.Dillon
10.Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded (Parts A, B, and C), Philip A.Schweitzer
11.Corrosion Engineering Handbook, edited by Philip A.Schweitzer
12.Atmospheric Degradation and Corrosion Control, Philip A. Schweitzer
13.Mechanical and Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, Philip A.Schweitzer
14.Environmental Degradation of Metals, U.K.Chatterjee, S.K.Bose, and S.K.Roy
15.Environmental Effects on Engineered Materials, edited by Russell H.Jones
16.Corrosion-Resistant Linings and Coatings, Philip A.Schweitzer
17.Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Philippe Marcus
18.Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering, Robert G.Kelly, John R.Scully, David W.Shoesmith, and Rudolph G.Buchheit
19.Metallic Materials: Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties, Philip A.Schweitzer
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
20.Encyclopedia of Corrosion Technology: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Philip A.Schweitzer
21.Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Fifth Edition, Revised and Expanded (Parts A, B, C, and D), Philip A. Schweitzer
22.Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials: Second Edition,
Ronald A.McCauley
ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Corrosion of
Ceramic and Composite
Materials
Second Edition
Ronald A.McCauley
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.A.
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. |
NEW YORK • BASEL |
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Transferred to Digital Printing 2004
The first edition was Corrosion of Ceramics (Dekker, 1994).
Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 0-8247-5366-6
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. tel: 212–696–9000; fax: 212–685–4540
Distribution and Customer Service
Marcel Dekker, Inc., Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A. tel: 800–228–1160; fax: 845–796–1772
Eastern Hemisphere Distribution
Marcel Dekker AG, Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41–61–260–6300; fax: 41–61–260–6333
World Wide Web
http://www.dekker.com
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the head-quarters address above.
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
To my father
Harry Sylvester McCauley
1909–1966
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Preface to the Second Edition
Although a better understanding of the mechanisms of corrosion has occurred over the past ten years since the publication of the first edition of this book, corrosion still remains a major problem. One area in which some advances have been made is the understanding of the weathering mechanisms of building materials, especially where related to monuments of the past. The weathering of building materials has been added as new sections in Chapters 2 (Fundamentals) and 5 (Corrosion of Specific Crystalline Materials). Although the work on weathering of building materials has been done predominantly by civil engineers, it should be of interest to the ceramic engineer. More information has become available concerning the corrosion of composite materials of all types. The strong interest in composites materials has been enhanced by the aerospace industry and the military. Because of this, a whole new chapter (Chapter 7) has been devoted to composite materials. In addition, new sections have been added on bioceramics (Chapter 5). New literature sources have been added to all chapters where appropriate.
v
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
vi |
Preface to the Second Edition |
The first edition of this book was written to be used primarily as a reference book. Questions have been added at the end of the most chapters and additional examples have been included along with recommended reading lists so that this second edition may also be used as a textbook for either a senior level undergraduate or a graduate course on corrosion.
Ronald A.McCauley
Copyright © 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.