Cellular Ceramics / 5
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436 Part 5 Applications
Furthermore, the mean pressure-drop coefficients of porous structures can be estimated by integration over the complete flow domain. Usually, these coefficients are estimated by experiments or by empirical correlation functions such as Darcy’s law [65]. A comparison of pressure drop coefficients predicted by LB calculations and Darcy’s law is depicted in Fig. 17.
5.2.5
Summary
The basic properties and the potential of cellular materials in the field of gas filtration have been outlined, with particular emphasis on catalytic filters for simultaneous abatement of dust (including soot) and gaseous pollutants. On the basis of the discussed literature, and of the growing interest of producers of high-tempera- ture filters, it seems reasonable to predict that penetration into the market will probably be gained in a few years. In this context, the leading application will definitely be diesel particulate removal from vehicle exhaust gases, for which the basic cost and durability requirements seems to have been reached, at least for some prototype systems.
As far as large-scale industrial applications are concerned (bag-house filters for incinerators, boilers, etc.), the extent of market penetration will largely depend on the long-term durability of the catalytic filters and on the initial investment costs of these rather innovative products. The work already done on catalytic filters demonstrated that it is possible to achieve nearly complete catalytic conversion of gaseous pollutants (e.g., NOx) at superficial feed velocities of industrial interest [10–60 m3 m–2 h–1 (STP)], which makes coupling of filtration and catalytic abatement convenient. The key issue is now to assess how the catalytic filters will resist long-term exposure to relatively harsh environments containing potential poisons for the catalyst itself (e.g., fly ash, sulfur, chlorinated compounds, steam, etc.).
Furthermore, preparation techniques should also be improved, always bearing process economics in mind, so that catalytic layers are thoroughly attached to the pore walls of the filters and exhibit good resistance to the mechanical stresses which arise from thermal fatigue and the jet-pulse cleaning technique. A key challenge is to increase the catalyst loading of the cellular material without causing occasional pore plugging and consequent high pressure drop. This future research lies in the hands of materials scientists.
Finally, new models are needed for the microstructural design (i.e., definition of optimal pore size, type of pore texture, optimized catalytic coating thickness; etc.) of catalytic and noncatalytic cellular filters. Such models, based for instance on the Lattice Boltzmann approach, should help achieve a more realistic representation of the basic mechanism governing flow through porous media and filtration of particles.
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5.2 Gas (Particulate) Filtration |
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