7.8  Work with the following on-line quizzes:

http://www.123facts.com/play-quiz/The-Great-Geographical-Discoveries-224.html

http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/quizzes/explorers/explorers.htm

http://www.triviapark.com/quizzes/explorers.html

http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Quiz?Explorers&sc=0

http://www.funtrivia.com/trivia-quiz/People/Great-Explorers-and-Navigators-1400-1600-198244.html

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/departments/homework/?page=quiz148&quizid=148

http://www.coolantarctica.com/schools/quiz/antarctica_quiz_2.htm

http://www.infoplease.com/quizzes/famous-explorers/1.html

http://www.purposegames.com/game/234

http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/discoverexplorequickquiz.htm

http://schools.hpedsb.on.ca/smood/explore/quiz1.htm

http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/social_studies/spanish_xplorers/quiz299.html

Unit 8 world wonders

8.1 Vocabulary.

Acts of Apostles, Amazonomachy, burial chamber, caldera, canopy, chiseled stones, Chryselephantine sculpture, deteriorated, Eleusinian stone, foliage, game reserve, globetrotter, heyday, hippodrome, in disrepair, inflatable boat, influx of visitors, lighthouse, lookout post, mausoleum, military stronghold, masonry, moat, mortar, national park, nomadic, overwhelmed by the jungle, oecumene, pagoda, papyrus, pharaoh, rapids, rattlesnake, rhetoric, rim, sarcophagus (pl. sarcophagi), shrine, stele, stonework, temple, tomb robbers, vantage point, wildebeest.

Great Pyramids of Giza: Khufu's Pyramid (Pyramid of Cheops), Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren), Pyramid of Menkaure (Mycerinus), Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, Lighthouse of Alexandria, Acropolis, Colosseum/Coliseum, Capitol, Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), Noah’s Ark, singing statues of Memnon (the Colossi of Memnon).

Aphrodite, Artemis, Asclepius, Athena Parthenos (the Virgin), Helios, Poseidon, Zeus.

Apelles, Bryaxis, Chares of Lindos, Chersiphron of Knossos, Deinocrates (Dinocrates), Hemiunu, Leochares, Panaenus, Phidias, Praxiteles, Pythius, Satyrus,

Scopas (Skopas), Timotheus.

Antipater (Antipatros) of Sidon, Herodotus, Philo of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, Simeon of Polotsk (Simeon Polotsky), Socrates, Sostratus of Cnidus, Strabo, Xenophon.

Alexandre the Great, Artemisia, Cyrus the Great, Demetrius Poliorcetes, Herostratus, Maussollos, Nebuchadnezzar, Ptolemy I Soter, Semiramis (Semiramide, Shamiram).

Assyria (Assyrian adj.), Bodrum, Caria, Constantinople/Istanbul, Epidaurus, Halicarnassus, island of Pharos, island of Rhodes, Kyzikos, Media (Median adj.), Persepolis.

8.2 Choose several of the following texts. Render it for your groupmates. World’s top 100 wonders

http://www.hillmanwonders.com

1. Pyramids of Egypt

The Pyramids of Egypt are so massive they confound the imagination. They are even more amazing when we consider that they were built nearly 4600 years ago.

When built, they were covered with a smooth limestone surfacing that gave them a sleek finished look. Today they have a rugged exterior because subsequent ancient rulers filched the surface stones from the monuments for use on their own buildings. 

Pharaoh Khufu's structure is the oldest, biggest and most famous of the great Pyramids of Egypt. It was built during the reign of pharaoh Khufu (2589 to 2566 BC) and is the only true surviving member of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. Khufu's edifice is the farthest of the three great Pyramids of Egypt in the pictures. It seems shorter than the middle pyramid (Chephren's) for two reasons. First, Khufu's sits higher on the plateau than Chephren's. Second, the photographic vantage point makes Khufu's seem smaller.

The mummies were likely removed long ago by sophisticated tomb robbers. The priceless buried treasures of the pharaohs were also taken.

Many theories exist on how the Pyramids of Egypt were constructed. Most Egyptologists now believe that a large temporary earth ramp with a gentle incline was built. The giant stone blocks were then dragged up the slope with a combination of pulleys, levers and raw manpower. 

Over the course of several centuries, the construction design evolved from the modestly high step pyramid style to the skyscraping, smooth-sided pyramids of Khufu and Chephren at Giza. 

Then, starting with Menkure's pyramid, size and structural strength gradually began to decline. The primary reasons were weakening economies and fading pharaonic powers. 

The three great Pyramids of Egypt have a north-south alignment because the polar stars were considered sacred. 

The number of large stone blocks used to build the Pyramids of Egypt is often overstated. For example, it is commonly written that 2,300,000 million were used for Khufu's structure. The actual figure is many times smaller when you divide the cubic size of the pyramid by the average cubic size of the stone blocks. 

Some archaeologists speculate that the tomb robbers were unsuccessful in finding the true burial chambers in the Pyramids of Egypt because the tomb builders were cleverer than the thieves. If so, the pharaonic mummies and treasures are still concealed somewhere within their respective pyramids, waiting to be detected by future technology.