4.3 Match the following terms with their definitions.

1. Backwash

A. The process when waves break on to a beach at an angle, material is pushed up the beach at an angle by the swash, but pulled back down the beach by the backwash at ninety degrees to the coast. In consequence, material is slowly moved along the coast, in the direction of the waves.

2. Constructive

wave

B. When waves break at a rate of more than ten per minute, each wave is able to run up the beach but unable to drain back again before the next wave arrives. Thus the backwash of the previous wave interferes with the swash, reducing its efficiency. Such waves remove material from a beach.

3. Destructive

wave

C. The area formed when a non-glaciated highland coast becomes submerged and the valleys fill with sea water. As the area becomes flooded the coast becomes indented and higher parts of the surrounding land may become islands.

4. Fetch

D. The movement of water in a breaking wave as it moves up the beach.

5. Headland

E. The return movement of the water, back down the beach.

6. Longshore

Drift

F. An isolated rock sticking up out of the sea, formed when a natural arch collapses and some cliff remains standing.

7. Mud Flats

G. The resulting area of land, jutting out into the sea, formed as a result of presence of areas of harder rocks that tend to resist the erosive powers of the sea.

8. Ria

H. Gently sloping coasts where fine sediments can settle, perhaps together with river sediments, allowing the build up of mud as a sheet.

9. Stack

I. When waves break at a rate of ten or less per minute, each wave is able to run up the beach and drain back again before the next wave arrives, so the swash is more powerful than the backwash and deposition can occur.

10. Swash

J. The distance of open water over which the wind can blow and form waves.

Lake, location

Area

in

miles²

Depth

in

feet

Lake,

location

Area

in

miles²

Depth in feet

Lake Superior (U.S.-Can.)

31,700

1,330

Lake Erie (U.S.-Canada)

9,910

210

Lake Victoria (Africa)

26,828

270

Lake Winnipeg (Canada)

9,417

60

Lake Huron (U.S.-Canada)

23,000

750

Lake Ontario (U.S.-Canada)

7,340

802

Lake Michigan (U.S.)

22,300

923

Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan)

7,114

85

Lake Tanganyika (Africa)

12,700

4,823

Lake Ladoga (Russia)

6,835

738

Lake Baikal (Russia)

12,162

5,315

Lake Chad (Africa)

6,300

24

Great Bear Lake (Canada)

12,096

1,463

Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela)

5,217

115

Lake Nyasa (Malawi) (Africa)

11,150

2,280

Lake Onega (Russia)

3,710

328

Great Slave (Canada)

11,031

2,015

Lake Eyre (Australia)

3,600

4

River

Length (km) 

Drainage area (km²)  

Average discharge (m³/s)

Outflow  

Countries in the drainage basin

Nile

6,650

2,870,000

5,100

Medi-terranean

Sea

Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Egypt, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Amazon

6,400

6,915,000

219,000

Atlantic Ocean

Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

Yangtze (Chang Jiang)

6,300

1,800,000

31,900

East China Sea

P.R. China

Mississippi - Missouri

6,275

2,980,000

16,200

Gulf of Mexico

United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)

Yenisei - Angara - Selenga

5,539

2,580,000

19,600

Kara Sea

Russia, Mongolia

Yellow (Huang He)

5,464

745,000

2,110

Bohai Sea (Balhae)

P.R. China

Ob - Irtysh

5,410

2,990,000

12,800

Gulf of Ob

Russia, Kazakhstan, P.R. China

Congo - Chambeshi (Zaire)

4,700

3,680,000

41,800

Atlantic Ocean

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda

Amur - Argun (Heilong Jiang)

4,444

1,855,000

11,400

Sea of Okhotsk

Russia, P.R. China, Mongolia

Lena

4,400

2,490,000

17,100

Laptev Sea

Russia

Mekong (Lancang Jiang)

4,350

810,000

16,000

South China Sea

Laos, Thailand, P.R. China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar

Mackenzie - Peace - Finlay

4,241

1,790,000

10,300

Beaufort Sea

Canada

Niger

4,200

2,090,000

9,570

Gulf of Guinea

Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger (23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%), Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%), Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad

Paraná (Río de la Plata)

3,998

3,100,000

25,700

Atlantic Ocean

Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%), Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%), Uruguay (3.8%)

Volga

3,645

1,380,000

8,080

Caspian Sea

Russia (99.8%), Kazakhstan (minor), Belarus (minor)

Shatt al-Arab - Euphrates

3,596

884,000

856

Persian Gulf

Iraq (40.5%), Turkey (24.8%), Iran (19.7%), Syria (14.7%)

Yukon

3,184

850,000

6,210

Bering Sea

United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)

Indus (Sindhu)

3,180

960,000

7,160

Arabian Sea

Pakistan, India, P. R. China, disputed territory (Kashmir), Afghanistan (6.3%)

Syr Darya - Naryn

3,078

219,000

703

Aral Sea

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

Rio Grande

3,057

570,000

82

Gulf of Mexico

United States (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%)

Danube

2,850

817,000

7,130

Black Sea

Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%), Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%), Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.8%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine (3.8%), Czech Republic (2.6%), Slovenia (2.2%), Moldova (1.7%), Switzerland (0.32%), Italy (0.15%), Poland (0.09%), Albania (0.03%)

Ganges

2,510

907,000

12,037

Brahmaputra, Bay of Bengal

India, Bangladesh, Nepal

Dnieper

2,287

516,300

1,670

Black Sea

Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

Columbia

2,250

415,211

7400

Pacific Ocean

United States, Canada

Colorado

2,333

390,000

1,200

Gulf of California

United States, Mexico

Orange

2,092

Atlantic Ocean

South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho

Tigris

1,950

Shatt al-Arab

Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran

Don

1,870

425,600

935

Sea of Azov

Russia

Rhine

1,320

198,735

2330

North Sea

Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy