Grammar

Passive Voice

(Пассивный залог)

I. Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол — сказуемое употребляется в форме действительного (активного) залога.

The Pacific Ocean washes Russia in the East.

Yury Dolgoruky founded Moscow in 1147.

Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвер­гающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме страдательного (пассивного)залога.

Russia is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the East. Moscow was founded by Yury Dolgoruki in 1147.

Часто Passive Voice (Страдательный залог) употребляется, когда тот, кто выполняет действие, нам неизвестен или неважен.

Например:

Не was asked at the English lesson.

Его спрашивали на уроке английского языка.

English is spoken in many countries.

На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

II. Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.

При спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму — Past Participle (Participle II). Следовательно, время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном (пассивном) залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит вспомогательный глагол to be:

Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
To be + Participle II ( finished/ done)	To be being+ Participle II (finished/ done)	To have been + Participle II (finished/ done)

III. При образовании вопросительной формы Passive Voice (страдательного залога) вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Am I asked?

Меня спрашивают?

Shall I be asked? Меня спросят?

Have I been asked?

Меня спросили?

When was the book written?

Когда была написана книга?

IV. При образовании отрицательной формы Passive Voice (страдательного залога) частица not ставится после вспомога­ тельного глагола:

I am not asked. I shall not be asked. I have not been asked.

V. С модальными глаголами must, can (could), may (might), should, ought to, have to, be to пассивная форма образуется с помощью be и Past Participle (Participle II) основного глагола.

Например: This work must be finished today. This report ought to be finished tonight. That room cannot be used as a classroom. This text has to be sent at once.

Active and Passive Voice:

Tense	Voice
	Active	Passive
Present Indefinite	The Government take/takes (принимает, предпринимает) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.	A number of measures to strengthen die criminal justice system are taken (принимаются, предпринимаются) by the Government.
Past Indefinite	The Government took (приняло, предприняло) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system were taken (были приняты, предприняты) by the Government.
Future Indefinite	The Government will take (будет принимать, примет, предпримет) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system will be taken (будут приняты, предприняты) by the Government.
Present Continuous	The Government are/is taking (принимает, предпринимает) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system are being taken (принимаются, предпринимаются сейчас) by the Government.
Past Continuous	The Government were/was taking (принимало, предпринимало) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system for a few years.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system were being taken (принимались, предпринимались) by the Government for a few years.
Future Continuous	The Government will be taken (будет принимать, предпринимать) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.
Present Perfect	The Government have/has just taken (только что приняло, предприняло) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system have just been taken (были только что приняты, предприняты) by the Government.
Future Perfect	The Government will have taken (примет, предпримет) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system by the end of the year.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system will have been taken (будут приняты, предприняты) by the Government by the end of the year.
Past Perfect	The Government had already taken (уже приняло, предприняло) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system by the beginning of the year.	A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system had already been taken (были приняты, предприняты) by the beginning of the year.
Present Perfect Continuous	The Government have/has been taking (принимает, предпринимает) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system for a few years (уже несколько лет).
Put Perfect Continuous	The Government had been taking (принимало, предпринимало) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system for a few years before the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987.
Future Perfect Continuous	By the end of this century the Government will have been taking (будет принимать, предпринимать) a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system for twenty years (уже).

Exercises

1.Read and translate the following sentences in the PassiveVoice:

1. The first Russian University was founded in 1755.

2. The text has already been translated.

3. The Moscow Law Institute was set up in 1975.

4. Books by Jack London are read by many readers with great in terest.

5. Many books by American writers have been translated into Russian.

6. When was our College set up?

7. This grammar rale is being discussed at the lesson today.

8. Was Moscow founded by Yury Dolgoruky?

9. Only English must be spoken in our lab.

10. What specialists are trained at the Moscow Law Institute? 11. All the exams will be passed by me well.

12. Some new phrases must be used in your story.

2.Choose a proper form (active or passive). Mind the word order where necessary:

1. Russia (washes; is washed) by seas and oceans in the North and in the East.

1. The case (has investigated; has been investigated) successfully.

2. At our Institute the students (teach; are taught) English, German or French.

2. The University (founded; was founded) in 1755.

3. My friend (has finished; has been finished) the translation of this exercise.

3. I am sure the exams (will pass; will be passed) successfully.

4. This event (is reporting; is being reported) about in all newspapers.

4. Our English lab (equips; is equipped) well. It's interesting to work there.

5. (Did-write; was-written) his test without mistakes?

6. English (speaks; is spoken) at our English tutorials.

5. A very interesting competition (has organized; has been organized) by the chair of foreign languages.

6. Specialists of high qualification (train; are trained) at the Moscow Law Institute.

3.Change the following sentences from active to passive form.

Keep the same tense with each change:

The students saw this English film.

He left his notebook at home.

He has just finished his report.

I bought this book yesterday.

My friend has taken this newspaper.

He is working at his English successfully.

Did Yury Dolgoruky found Moscow in 1147?

The Pacific Ocean washes the territory of Russia in the east.

Sport plays an important role in educational process of our fu ture militia officers.

10.The Law Institute trains future investigators, detectives for Moscow and the Moscow region.

11. The students attend lectures and tutorials with interest.

12. You have done this exercise successfully. 13.You translated this text last time.

14. You can find many interesting books in our library.

15. You must learn as many new English words as you can.

4. Translate the following sentences:

1. The measures taken by the Government prevent crime.

2. The guilty were convicted by the court.

3. Different kinds of offences are reflected in Crime Statistics.

4. The Common Law offences had been codified by 1986.

5. The Police in Manchester have just notified a serious offence at the stadium.

6. The offences have just been classified by the police service in London.

7. The Police office is investigating the latest robbery.

8. The Government and Parliament encourage and will be encouraging the development of crime prevention schemes.

9. The Government will affect clear-up rates for violence against the person at a larger scale next year.

5. Change the voice of the verb In bold type. Give two passive constructions where possible.

1. His colleagues never forgave him his disloyalty. 2. The management offered me several jobs and I can’t decide which to take. 3. They must prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. 4. The policeman charged me a fine for parking in a wrong place. 5. The judge brought accusation against the robber. 6. Publishers must not offer books at a high price. 7. They will promise you much, but don’t imagine they will give you everything they promise.