Примечания к тексту

1. very nearly equal – почти равна

2. – (minus) – минус

Запомните следующие слова:

approximately, as compared with, charge, consider, empty, estimate, fully, in turn, kind, largely, mean, negative, occupy, otherwise, particle, positive, sign, size

Упражнения

1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. Nitric acid has been found to react with many metals. 2. Hydrogen gas is said to diffuse through solid platinum, iron, etc. 3. Solutions are considered to be homogeneous mixtures which cannot be separated into their constituent parts by mechanical means. 4. Many reactions are known to be accompanied by an absorption of heat. 5. The amount of heat evolved during the formation of a given compound is proved to be the same whether the compound is formed directly or in a series of intermediate stages. 6. A very considerable number of aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts are reported to furnish a much greater osmotic pressure than one would expect. 7. The molecules of sodium chloride were supposed to be dissociated in aqueous solutions into two parts – Na and Cl. 8. Chemistry can be said to be largely an experimental science. 9. Thorium is not known to occur with any valence except 4.

2. Дайте анализ следующего предложения и переведите его на русский язык:

To obtain crystals of arsenic, grey arsenic is to be quickly heated in a current of hydrogen, black glittering crystals of arsenic being deposited near the hot portion of the tube followed by the formation of a yellow powder.

3. Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов:

to know, to come, to think, to tell, to find

4. Дайте антонимы к следующим словам:

big, the beginning, soft, positive, complex, the same, unequal, to stay

5. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям:

в свою очередь, еще меньшие частицы, за исключением водорода, в равном количестве, в … раз больше

6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

1. Oxygen is twice as soluble as compared to nitrogen. 2. Hydrofluoric acid is a relatively weak acid as compared with the binary acids of the other elements. 3. Sodium is very unlike the common metals except that it also has a metallic luster. 4. Corundum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances except diamond.

7. Дайте краткие утвердительные и отрицательные ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. Do all kinds of matter consist of molecules? 2. Are atoms indivisible? 3. Must atoms contain positive electricity? 4. Has the electrical charge of the proton the opposite sign as compared with that of the electron charge? 5. Has the neutron got any charge?

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What do all kinds of matter consist of? 2. What is the meaning of the Greek word “atom”? 3. How many kinds of particles does an atom contain and what are their names? 4. What is a proton? 5. How many electrons and protons does the hydrogen atom contain? 6. What sign has the electrical charge of the proton?

9. Прочитайте текст 8 В, не пользуясь словарем:

TEXT 8 B

Inexhaustibility of the Electron

The inexhaustibility¹ of the electron is well known. The breakdown of the concept of the indivisible, immutable atom gave rise to two fundamentally different stands². First the attempt to apply to the newly discovered electrons all the properties previously ascribed to atoms, the belief that electrons (and not atoms) are the fundamental or “ultimate” particles of matter, a knowledge of which exhausts³ the knowledge of all matter and of the world.

The second stand was a diametrically opposite one: the discovery of the electron, which revealed the complex character of the structure of the atom, its “inexhaustibility” proved that the old concepts of the structure of matter were wrong not only with regard to atoms, but they were basically false.