LESSON 1

Грамматика. Различные значения it. Различные значения глагола to have. Придаточные определительные предложения.

Предтекстовые упражнения

1. Определите значения it и глагола to have. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Chemistry is a science; it deals with the properties, composition and structure of matter. 2. It is necessary to know foreign languages. 3. It was Mendeleev who gave the world the periodic table of elements. 4. We find it necessary to translate this article. 5. It is known that titanium is widely used in industry. 6. We have many laboratories at our University. 7. Many inventions have brought fame to Russian science. 8. Our scientists have to solve many vital problems. 9. We shall have to do many experiments.

2. Найдите определительные придаточные предложения и переведите их.

1. Toriccelli was the first who discovered how to measure air pressure. 2. The distance that light travels in one second is 300 thousand kilometers. 3. Rubber is a durable material which is very important in industry. 4. Water dissolves very many substances, which makes it a universal solvent. 5. There are many Russian scientists whose names are famous all over the world. 6. The process which oxygen takes part in is known as oxidation. 7. The molecules which every substance is composed of are in a state of constant motion. 8. The facts that the article referred to were very interesting. 9. This is the laboratory where we work. 10. September is the month when the academic year begins.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний:

to make contribution to – вносить вклад

Niels Bohr made great contribution to theoretical physics.

as early as – еще

The art of producing glass was known as early as the first century of our era.

rank among – занимать достойное место

Many inventions of our scientists rank among the greatest achievements of the world science.

give birth to – положить начало

Rutherford gave birth to the theory of atomic structure.

lay the foundation – заложить основу

M.V. Lomonosov laid the foundation of research in Russia in very many fields of science.

far and wide – повсюду

The name of Yuri Gagarin is known far and wide.

in order to – для того чтобы

In order to get acquainted with scientific achievements abroad we must know foreign languages.

instead of – вместо

Instead of using ordinary water for cooling purposes, its place has been taken by ethylene glycol.

only – только

I have only one sister.

the only – единственный

Your brother was the only person I met there.

4. Переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем:

academician [əˌkædə'mɪʃn], astronomy [əs'trnəmɪ], atom ['ætəm], chemist ['kemɪst], chemistry ['kemɪstrɪ], electricity [ɪlek'trɪsɪtɪ], electric lamp [ɪ'lektrɪk 'læmp], element ['elɪmənt], engineer [ˌenʤɪ'nɪə], isotope ['aɪstp], machine [mə'ʃi:n], mathematician [ˌmæθɪmə'tɪʃən], periodic [ˌpɪərɪ'dɪk], production [prə'dʌkʃən], radio ['reɪdɪ], radioactive [ˌreɪdɪ'æktɪv], radiation [ˌreɪdɪ'eɪʃn], rocket ['rkɪt], structure ['strʌkʧə], technique[tek'ni:k], technology [tek'nləʤɪ], terror ['terə], problem ['prbləm]

5. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание:

а) на изменение чтения гласной под влиянием согласной:

all, almost, glass, after, branch, want, eight, weight, flight, light, right, kind, work, world, other, above, among, month, rule;

б) на чтение буквосочетаний ck, qu, ci + гл.:

black, rocket, quite, quick, question, quarter, social, academician, mathematician, artificial

TEXT 1 A

Science in Russia

The Russians made a great contribution to world science. Peter I founded the St. Petersburg academy of Science as early as 1724. It is there that the great scientist Lomonosov worked in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, and laid the foundation of the Russian literary language. The peoples of our country produced many geniuses such as D.I. Mendeleev who gave the world the periodic table of Elements, mathematicians like N.I. Lobachevsky who is known all over the world as «Copernicus in Geometry» and many others.

The peoples of Russia are rightly proud of scientists like A.S. Popov, who invented the radio, A.N. Lodygin, who produced the electric lamp, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who was the founder of the modern theory of space rockets. Among our prominent scientists we must also mention the names of I.I. Mechnikov, N.I. Zinin, S.V. Lebedev, I.Z. Kondakov, Academician I.P. Pavlov and many others whose names are known far and wide.

Russian scientists and inventors have enriched science and technology with many outstanding achievements which enable them to solve the most complex problems. Many inventions have not only brought fame to Russian science but also rank among the greatest achievements of mankind.

The development of the theory of chain reaction is linked with the name of Russian scientist N.N. Semenov, a Nobel Prize winner. N.D. Zelinsky’s works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds.

Russian space research has opened a new era of scientific knowledge. It is in our country that the first artificial satellite for the research in outer space was launched. It was created by Academician S.P. Korolev, and it was Yury Gagarin who accomplished the first space flight.

Academicians I.V. Koorchatov and G.N. Flerov made a great contribution to the development of the theory of the construction of the atom. It was in Russia that the first atomic power station in the world was built and the first atom-powered ice-breaker «Lenin» was launched. Russian scientists, engineers and workers have done a lot in order to ensure that the energy of the atom should bring people well-being and prosperity instead of terror and death. The peaceful atom gave birth to a new branch of industry – the production of radioactive isotopes.

A lot of modern scientific inventions have laid the foundation of new branches of science such as bio technology; information technology; nano technology as well as they are widely used in medicine and everyday life.