- •Passive voice
- •Semi-Modals
- •Modals of Deduction
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Little / a little; few / a few
- •Another, other, the other, others, the others
- •Troublesome verbs
- •1. Choose the most suitable answer a, b, c, d, or e:
- •2. Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with the most suitable word. A Job Interview
- •3. Put in the right article.
- •4. Choose and put into the gap the right pronoun.
- •5. Use the appropriate form of the adjectives and adverbs given in brackets.
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ENGLISH VERB: ACTIVE TENSES |
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Indefinite (Simple) |
Continuous (Progressive) |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
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Present |
We paint pictures. He paints pictures. They don’t paint pictures. He doesn’t paint pictures. Do you paint pictures? Does he paint pictures? |
He is ill. Is he ill? He isn’t ill. You are ill. You aren’t ill. Are you ill? |
AM / IS /ARE + Ving We are painting pictures. He is painting a picture. I am not painting a picture. They are not painting pictures. Are you painting a picture? Is she painting a picture? |
HAVE / HAS + V3 I have painted the picture. He has sold the picture. They have not painted the picture. He hasn’t sold the picture. Have you painted the picture? Has she sold the picture? |
HAVE BEEN + Ving I have been reading this book for 2 days. Я читаю эту книгу 2 дня. How long has he been reading this book? Сколько он уже читает эту книгу?
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1. процесс в момент речи или вокруг него (I’m reading a book now)
(We are leaving for Moscow tonight) 3. эмоции (I’m always losing my keys) |
1. результат действия, завершивш. к наст моменту 2. жизненный опыт (I’ve never been to Egypt) 3. действие началось в прошлом и продол- жалось до наст. мом. (I’ve always loved you) |
Подчеркивается длительный хар-р действия, кот. началось в прошлом и все еще продолжается или законч. к настоящему моменту |
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Past |
Ved / Irreg. V. |
WAS / WERE + Ving We were painting pictures from 1 to 5. He was painting his picture. He wasn’t painting, he was sleeping. Was he painting? Were they painting?
процесс в прошлом. |
HAD + V3 He had cooked dinner before I came. Он приготовил обед до того, как я пришел. Had he cooked dinner before you came? He hadn’t cooked dinner by 5.
действие, завершившееся к определенному моменту в прошлом |
HAD BEEN + Ving He had been cooking dinner for 2 hours when I came. Он готовил обед уже 2 часа, когда я пришел. Had he been cooking dinner? He hadn’t been cooking dinner.
действие началось до опред. момента в прошлом и длилось вплоть до этого момента. |
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We painted pictures. Did you paint pictures? He didn’t paint pictures. |
He was ill. Was he ill? He wasn’t ill |
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факты, события, регулярные действия в прошлом |
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Future |
WILL + V He will paint a picture. Will he paint a picture? He won’t paint a picture.
1. предсказание 2. обещание, предложение 3. спонтанное решение
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WILL + BE + Ving
He will be painting his picture for 2 years. Will he be painting? … He won’t be painting …
1. процесс в будущем 2. запланированное действие
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WILL HAVE + V3
He will have painted his picture by July. Он нарисует картину к июлю. He won’t have painted. Will he have painted?
завершенное действие в будущем
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WILL HAVE BEEN + Ving By that time he will have been painting his picture for 10 years. К тому времени он будет рисовать свою картину уже 10 лет.
действие начнется до определенного момента в будущем и будет длиться вплоть до этого момента |
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ARTICLES |
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A |
THE |
Ø |
Перед исчисляемыми существит. в ед.ч. (1 случай перед неисчисл. и 3 – перед именами собств.) |
Использ. перед исчисл. и неисчисл. сущ. в ед. и мн.ч., также с рядом имен собств. |
С абстрактн. и неисчисл. сущ. + неопредел. сущ. во множ. ч. + бол-во имен собств. |
1. Предмет упоминается как неопределенный, без деталей: I bought a book yesterday (Вчера я купил книгу (какую – точно неизвестно)) 2. Сущ-ное – часть составного именного сказуем.: This is a pen. He is a doctor.
I live in a small flat. 4. Артикль имеет значение «любой», «всякий» A child can do it = Любой ребенок сделает это. 5. Артикль имеет значение «один». A week or two passed = Прошла неделя или две. 6. В значении ‘еще один’ с порядковыми числит.: A bullet flew by, then a second and a third. 7. В восклицаниях: What a nice day!= Какой прекрасный день! (Но: What nasty weather! – Какая ненастная погода! ‘weather’- неисчисляемое существительное) 8. После such, quite, rather He’s such a clever man!=Он такой умный! 9. a most = очень: It’s a most funny film! 10. О цене, расстоянии и частотности: 80 p a kilo; 100 km an hour; once a day 11. С «неопределенными» болезнями: get a cold; get a headache; get a sore throat 12. С неисчисл. сущ-ми в значении «порция»: Would you like an ice cream? 13. С именами собственными в знач. «какой-то»: A Mrs Smith is waiting for you = Вас хочет видеть некая миссис Смит. 14. С именами собственными в значен. «один из»: I was met by a Burton. Меня встретил один из Бёртонов. 15. С именами собственными в значении ‘произведение искусства’: I sold him a Monet. – Я продал ему картину Монэ. |
The book I like most is ‘War and Peace’.
The title of this book is “War and Peace”
the Universe, the Earth
the rich = богатые
He’s the best dancer=Он лучший танцор. 6. С same, wrong, right, very (самый), next (следующий), last (последний), only, whole He is the only child=Он единственный ребенок.
the Baikal, the Black Sea, the Sahara,the Bermudas Но без артикля употребляются:
С названиями республик и федераций: the Unites States of America, the Russian Federation
the Hermitage, the Bolshoy, the Coliseum, the Times
the Ivanovs=Ивановы
Is he the Sheldon who is a writer?=Это тот самый Шелдон, который писатель?
The Middle Ages, the Crimean War 14. С частями дня, если перед ними – in: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the night
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1. С неисчисл. и исчисл. сущ. во множ числе в высказыван. общего хар-ра: I like tea=Я люблю чай. Men like hunting=Мужчины любят охоту. 2. С абстрактными и вещественными сущ-ми: They walked in silence=Они шли в тишине. Blood is thicker than water=Кровь плотнее воды. 3. С названиями приема пищи (без конкретики): I have breakfast at 9 in the morning. (But: Do you remember the breakfast at Maurizio’s? – конкретный завтрак) 4. С school, college, university, hospital, prison, church, court, work, home, bed, table – когда они используются для обозначения определен. действ.: to go to school – ходить в школу учиться, а не с какими-то другими целями. Но если действие не связано с характером этого места, использ. the: They went to the church to see icons. They were sitting at table eating. But: I sat down at the table to do my homework. 5. С названиями болезней: He got pneumonia and died. 6. С именами собственными, котор. не использ. с the: Tolstoy is my favourite writer. (*исключения: страны – the Netherlands, the Senegal, the Cameroon; города – the Hague (Гаага); улицы – the Strand, the High Street) 7. C названиями учебных заведений: London University, Trinity College (But: the University of London) 8. C частями дня, если перед ними – at: at night, at lunchtime, at sunset, at dawn, at sunrise 9. C днями недели, месяцами (on Sunday) (But: We met on a Sunday – Мы познакомились однажды в воскресенье) |
Passive voice
(BE+ V3)
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PAST |
PRESENT |
FUTURE |
SIMPLE |
was / were + V3 |
am / is /are + V3 |
will be + V3 |
The letter was written. Письмо было написано. The letter wasn’t written. Was the letter written? |
Letters are written every day. Письма пишут каждый день. Letters are not written. Are letters written every day? |
The letter will be written. Письмо будет написано. The letter won’t be written. Will the letter be written? |
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CONTIN. |
was / were being + V3 |
am / is /are + V3 |
________ |
The letter was being written. Письмо писали. The letter wasn’t being written. Was the letter being written? |
The letter is being written now. Письмо сейчас пишут. The letter isn’t being written. Is the letter being written? |
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PERFECT |
had + V3 |
have / has + V3 |
will have + V3 |
The letter had been written by 2. Письмо было написано к двум. The letter hadn’t been written. Had the letter been written? |
The letter has just been written. Письмо только что написали. The letter hasn’t been written. Has the letter been written? |
The letter will have been written by 2. Письмо будет написано к двум. The letter won’t have been written. Will the letter have been written? |
MODALS
MODAL |
MEANING |
EXAMPLE |
CAN (COULD*) |
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I can swim quite well. Everyone can make a mistake. Can I go home? You can’t cross the street here! Can I have some juice? |
MAY / MIGHT |
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You may go now. I may/might become a doctor. |
MUST |
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You must do it right now. Cars mustn’t be parked here. |
SHOULD / OUGHT TO |
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You shouldn’t eat so many sweets. Children ought to help their parents. You should have called me. |
NEED |
необходимость (как модальный – только в отрицательных предложениях) |
You needn’t do it right now. |
SHALL |
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Shall we begin? He shall come to the party. |
WILL / WOULD |
(‘никак не’) |
I will / would lend you some money. Will / would you help me? The door won’t / wouldn’t open. |
*When talking about some successful action in the past (‘он смог’) you should use was / were able to instead of could which is used to express abilities in the past. At the same time was / were able to is not normally used in negatives – couldn’t is used in this case:
He could swim well when he was young.
Он хорошо плавал в молодости.
He was able to swim across the river in 5 minutes.
Он смог переплыть реку за пять минут.
He couldn’t swim across the river.
Он не смог переплыть реку.

3.
Перед существительным стоит определение: