- •The ancient near east
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text I the ancient near east
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Fertile Crescent
- •Words to remember
- •Unit II ancient egypt
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text II ancient egypt
- •Mumification
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Egyptian Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit III two great cities oe the indus valley
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text III two great cities of the indus valley
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •Vil translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Prehistoric china
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IV prehistoric china
- •I. Reading skills
- •II. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Chinese Writing
- •Words to remember
- •Unit V the aryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text V the aryan empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Санскрит
- •Upanishads
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VI classes and castes in ancient india
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VI classes and castes
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Theories of Caste
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VII the mauryan empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VII the mauryan empire
- •II. Reading skills
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •IV. Speaking skills
- •V. Writing skills
- •VI. Translation skills
- •Words to remember
- •Unit VIII gupta empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text VIII gupta empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •Compare the first and second native India's dynasties.
- •Trace the main ideas of the Guptas' religious policy.
- •Ask as many questions as you can to cover the rest of the text and ask your groupmates to answer them.
- •In a dialogue try to find some similarities in the development of Indian Empires.
- •VII. Writing skills
- •19. Topics for essay writing:
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Imaginary Beasts
- •Words to remember
- •Unit IX zhous come to power
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text IX zhous come to power
- •IV. Reading skills
- •V. Vocabulary skills
- •VI. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VIII. Translation skills
- •Государство Джоу
- •Words to remember
- •Unit X the greek world
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text X the greek world
- •II. Reading skills
- •III. Vocabulary skills
- •VII. Speaking skills
- •2) Ask your classmates to guess the word by your definition.
- •VIII. Writing skills
- •IX. Translation skills
- •Religion
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XI the roman empire
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •II. Text XI the roman empire
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VI. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •Древний Рим
- •The Roman Empire
- •Words to remember
- •Unit XII neighbours of hercules
- •I. Pretext exercises
- •III. Reading skills
- •IV. Vocabulary skills
- •V. Speaking skills
- •VII. Writing skills
- •VII. Translation skills
- •The Seven Wonders of the World
- •Words to remember
- •Reader sumerians
- •Нittite empire
- •Assyrians
- •Babylonians
- •Peoples oe syria
- •Phoenitians and arameans
- •Anatolia
- •Persians
- •Persian Culture in Achaemenid Times
- •Earliest Egypt
- •Old Kingdom
- •Religion
- •Religions Reform of Akhenaten
- •Indus valley
- •China jade
- •China during q1n dynasty
- •The olympic games Origins and Preparations
- •Preparations and Sacrifices
- •Gladiators
- •One of the most famous buildings from ancient rome
- •Chariot-races
- •Europeans and ancient greece and rome
- •Vocabulary
Theories of Caste
The first theory of caste is a product of race. The connection of caste and race was made by some of the earliest outside commentators on India who related it to the Aryan invasion of India and to the fact that members of Brahman castes were often light-skinned while members of peasant and low castes were often dark-skinned or displayed other 'aboriginal' traits. There is some basis in reality for this observation, but it is of limited value for an explanation of caste. Over the centuries certain populations were undoubtedly subjugated by others and the historical remnants of this can still be seen clearly in many places. But for the most part there is no obvious connection between caste and racial characteristics and in any case, the complexity of caste systems cannot be explained by a marker as crude as race. The often made comparison with racial segregation does not explain much.
The second theory, though false, is still widely believed. This is the idea that there is an inherent connection between caste and occupation which explains how the caste system works in general. But this connection is not a sufficiently good guide. The first reason for that is the fact that it is never the case that all members of a given caste perform a particular occupation. The second reason is that many people who perform the same occupation belong to quite distinct castes.
The main idea of the third theory is that the caste is fundamentally about dominance and exploitation. On this argument, Brahmans are at the top and Untouchables are at the bottom not because of their respective degrees of purity, but because of their respective degrees of material and economic power. But economic power and ritual status do not always coincide.
The fourth theory argues that in a caste system every group has its place, and the element of competition among them was removed. The argument against seeing caste as a form of social stratification is that this perspective smuggles in a modern, individualistic, 'western' set of values which is inappropriate where traditional, 'holistic' values prevail.
Words to remember
ascend v — 1. восходить; вести происхождение от чего-л.; ~ lineally - восходить по прямой линии, Syn: climb; 2. подниматься; продвигаться (по службе и т. п.)
caste [ka:st] n — 1. раса, род, клан, племя, порода (о людях), Syn: race; 2. каста (наследственная социальная группа в индуизме), Syn: class; 3. кастовость; 4. привилегированный класс, каста
conscious a — 1. сознательный, осознанный; сознающий; 2. ощущающий; 3. ~ of cold - чувствующий холод, Syn: aware; 4. здравый (обладающий способностью мыслить, делать выводы)
contrariwise adv - 1. наоборот, напротив, Syn: on the contrary; 2. и наоборот, Syn: vice versa; 3. противоположным образом, противоположно
defilement n — 1. загрязнение, Syn: contamination, pollution; 2. осквернение, опошление; incur ~ - подвергаться осквернению, навлекать на себя осквернение, Syn: desecration; 3. источник загрязнения
existence п - 1. действительность, Syn: reality; 2. бытие, жизнь; lead a certain ~ - вести определенное существование, Syn: being, subsistence
fit v — 1. быть в самый раз, подходить (к чему-л.); 2. быть подходящим для (чего-л.), соответствовать (чему-л.); 3. подгонять, пригонять, прилаживать, Syn: adjust, tailor; 4. снаряжать, оснащать (with), Syn: equip
ordain v — 1. посвящать в духовный сан; 2. предопределять; предписывать, Syn: predetermine, destine
ohibit [prohibit] v - 1. запрещать, Syn: ban, forbid; 2. препятствовать, мешать (from), Syn: prevent
prohibition п - запрет, запрещение
rigid a - жесткий, негибкий; непоколебимый, неподвижный, неподвижно закрепленный
submerge v—ассимилироваться; поглотить; раствориться
untouchable I a — неприкасаемый
untouchable II п — член касты неприкасаемых
violate v-1. нарушать, попирать, преступать; 2. осквернять; ~ a sanctuary — осквернять святилище; 3. вторгаться, врываться