Task V

a) Powers exercised by the Crown derive from three sources: statute, private law and the royal prerogative. Powers exercisable by other government bodies derive only from statute, except in the case of the police who have common law powers. Statutory powers make up the bulk of Crown powers and are usually conferred directly on individual ministers. The Crown also has inherent prerogative powers which are peculiar to itself. In practice these are also exercised by ministers. In addition the Crown is recognised as a person by the common law and so has the same capacity to make contracts, own property, etc. as a private individual. This has been described as the ‘third source’ of powers exercised by the Crown (see Harris, 1992). By contrast, public bodies such as local authorities that are creatures of statute can only do what statute authorises and cannot rely on the ordinary law.

b) lingering, antiquity, unresolved, finally, permissive, strictly, uneasily.

TASK VI

1. Before looking at the Royal Prerogatives…

2. In this connection Daintith has distinguished…

3. For example, to all intents and purposes…

4. It could be argued that…

5. Parliament can in principle supervise Crown contracts.

TASK VII.

1) usually, 2) directly, 3) lawfully, 4) properly, 5) ultimately, 6) finally, 7) notably.

Text 4. Task II

Some prerogative powers, for example dissolving Parliament and granting honours and titles, fall into categories that have traditionally been exempt from parliamentary scrutiny on the ground that they involve the personal discretion of the monarch, even though the monarch must usually act on the advice of the prime minister.

TASK III.

1. in; by.

2. on .

3. upon

4. with.

6. over; on; in.

TEXT 5

TASK II

to levy taxes

to declare wars

to dissolve Parliament

to prevent criticism

to restore the monarchy

to give up the right

to exercise the powers

to appoint prime ministers

TEXT 6

TASK II

make up to form (something) as a whole

put forward to offer, suggest (something as an idea) for consideration

to back up to support something or someone

die out to cease to exist, disappear

date back to/from to have existed since

pass down to give or leave to people who are younger or come later

TEXT 9

TASK IV

A poll yesterday showed that 40 per cent of the electorate has not read it and it is likely it could fail to pass out of confusion, although most voters, when told what it means, back it.

Unit IV parliament

TEXT 1

TASK I

To grant/ to give Aid; to meet expenses; to persuade barons; to get one’s assent;

to summon barons/knights; to hold Parliament; to deal with emergency.

TASK V

1. to be the sudden cause of (a usu. unpleasant feeling or action); - to provoke;

2. to call together for a meeting; - to convoke;

3. to call or bring into use or operation: (to invoke the authority of the court; invoke the Fifth Amendment); - to invoke;

4. to annul by taking back: (to revoke an offer); - to revoke;

5. to produce or to call up (a memory or feeling). - to evoke

TEXT 2

TASK III

Were summoned; went on, had appeared; be considered; approved; being considered; was made; emanated; starting; giving; increasing; were granted; stipulated; securing.

TEXT 3

TASK I

1. powerful, useful, forceful, skillful, lawful, purposeful, rightful;

2. influential, functional, commercial, original, official, pyramidal, judicial;

3. theoretical, monarchical, systematical, practical, historical, periodical;

4. wealthy;

5. customary, parliamentary;

6. favorable, reasonable;

7. bodily, kingly;

8. basic;

9. decisive.

TASK II

Roughly – approximately; originally – initially; allegiance – loyalty; evolve – develop; derive from – originate from; inheritance – succession; the realm – the kingdom; main – major.

TASK III

Simplify – complicate; the rise – the fall; descendants – ancestors; superior – inferior; separate – mixed; reject – approve; the beginning – the end; the majority – the minority.

.

TASK V

1) that; 2) which; 3) which; 4) who; 5) which; 6) which; that; 7) that

TEXT 4

TASK IV

1) legislate; 2) successive; 3) legislature; 4) succeed; 5) executive; 6) summoned; 7) summons; 8) void; 9) binding; 10) legalized.

TASK V

1. компетенция; 2. орган власти; 3. местные органы власти; 4. прецедент; 5. предписание; 6. местные отделы образования; 7. соответствующий орган; 8. юрисдикция; 9. лица, облеченные властью; 10. на основании полномочий.

TASK VI

1.authority; 2. organization; 3. a large amount; 4. organ; 5. corpse; 6. the main part; 7. legal body.

TEXT 5

TASK III

1) of; of; 2) of; by;of; for; for; under; 3) into; 4)over; of; of; for; in; 5) forward; of; to; of; 6) by /in; in; 7) by; of; in.