Task II

1. was assured; 2) to ensure against; 3) ensured; 4) insure; 5) ensures; 6) assured; 7) ensure.

TASK III

1). a system or body of usages, laws, or regulations; single laws or usages if their operation is of vital importance and vast scope.

2) an organized society, established either by law or the authority of individuals, for promoting any object, public or social.

TASK IV

Evolutionary – evolution – evolve;

Comparative – comparison – compare;

Different – difference – differ/differentiate;

Constituent – constitution – constitute;

Notional – notion – notify;

Descriptive – description – describe;

Successive – succession – succeed;

Powerful – power – empower;

Expendable – expenditure – expend;

Alterative – alteration – alter;

Discoverable – discovery – discover;

Significant – significance – signify;

Distinctive – distinction – distinguish.

TASK VI

1) c; 2) b; 3) a; 4) b; 5) c; 6) b; 7) a; 8)a;

TEXT 4

TASK II

To limit/to restrain exercise of power/governmental powers;

To make/to enforce laws ;

To police rights;

To set/to place limits;

To override individual liberties;

To apply ideas/ prejudices/laws;

To interpret legislation;

To settle disputes ;

To obtain protection;

To remove provisions.

TASK III

1) c;2) a; 3) b; 4) b; 5) c; 6) c; 7) c; 8) b; 9) b

TEXT 5

TASK I

Tyranny – tyrannous – tyrannize;

Power – powerful – empower;

Function – functional – function;

Government – governmental – govern;

Center – central – centralize;

Separation – separate – separate;

Difference – different – differ;

Division – divisional – divide;

Reflection – reflective – reflect;

Influence – influential – influence;

Generalization – general – generalize;

Risk – risky – risk;

Weakness – weak – weaken;

Extent(extension) – extend – extensive;

Distinction – distinct(distinctive) – distinguish;

Harmony – harmonious – harmonize;

Contest – contentious – contend;

Dominate – dominant – dominate;

TASK II

Ancient theory; influential version; classical doctrine; powerful government; different interests, kinds, senses; pragmatic compromise; efficient working; proper sphere (of action); foreign affairs; weak government.

Task III

To combat tyranny; to propose a version; to divide the functions; to veto legislation; to settle disputes; to override veto; to enforce laws; to interpret legislation, the law; to enact laws; to apply the law;

TASK IV

Democracy – the form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation, as distinguished from a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy. The term meaning literally “government by the people” is often employed loosely, often tendentiously, often vaguely. Originally a Greek term democracy was understood by the Greeks in a very different sense from the current understanding: Greek democracy was a limited institution – limited to clan members, who were citizens, a huge population of slaves and other subordinate classes were disfranchised.

Tyranny – arbitrary or despotic government; the severe and autocratic exercise of sovereign power, either vested constitutionally in one ruler, or usurped by him by breaking down the division and distribution of governmental powers.

Convention – 1) a term applied to constitutional rules which are observed although they do not have the force of law.

2) A name given to such meetings of the Houses of Lords and Commons as take place by their own authority, without being summoned by the Sovereign. This can only take place during great national crises. Thus, in 1660, the Convention Parliament met, which restored King Charles the Second; and in 1688, the Lords and Commons met to dispose of the Crown and kingdom in favour of the Prince of Orange.

3) A treaty with a foreign power.

Checks and balances – arrangement of governmental powers whereby powers of one governmental branch curb or control those of other branches.

TEXT 6