History as a science
History is the record of the events of human/humane (1) societies. The earliest surviving historic/historical (2) records are inscriptions concerning/concerned (3) the achievements of Egyptian and Balylonian kings. As a literal/literary (4) form in the western world, historical writing, or historiography, began in the 5th century BC with the Greek Herodotus, who was the first to pass beyond the limits/restrictions (5) of purely national outlook. History from the point of view of ordinary/extraordinary (6) people is now recognized as an important element in historical study. Associated with this is a collection/selection (7) of spoken records known as oral history. Contemporary/temporary (8) historians make extensive use of statistics, population figures, and prime/primary (9) records to justify historical arguments. Historians make a difference/distinction (10) between historical evidence/witness (11) or records, historical writing, and historical method or approach/attitude (12) to history.
2. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
Methods of archeology
A
rcheology
is a study of the past through identify
(1)
and interpretation of the material remains of human cultures. A
compare
(2)
new science involving many academy
(3)
and scientific disciplines such as anthropology, history, paleography
and philology, it makes use of number
(4) scientific
techniques. Its keystone is field work.
Archeology was born in the early 18th century. At that time some
excavate (5) of Roman and other sites were carried out. The fame (6) Rosetta stone, which provided the key to Egyptian hieroglyphics, was discovered in 1799 and cipher (7).
However, it was not until the 19th century that archeology graduated from its amateur status to become a system (8) science. Schliemann, Evans, Wooley, Carter and others adopted an increase (9) scientific approach in their researches.
Excavation is a painstaking procedure and each layer must be care (10) documented and photographed. The local (11) of the suitable sites is greatly assisted by history (12) accounts, topographical surveys and air (13) photography.
Dating is accomplished in several ways, for example, compare (14) of the relative depths of objects. Analyze (15) can provide the indicate (16) of the date. The most widespread technique is radiocarbon dating.
3. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
Stonehenge
S
tonehenge
is found on Salisbury Plain/Plane
(1)
in southern England. It was built in three stages/steps
(2)
starting from 3000 BC towards/onwards
(3)
and finishing in 2000 BC. It formed/shaped
(4)
a perfect circle of huge rectangular stones that were linked/fastened
(5)
by beams. The stones were lined up precisely/exactly
(6)
that the sunrise and moonrise could be seen at
certain
times of the year. Today a visitor to Stonehenge can see
remnants/remains
(7)
of two circles of stone blocks.
There have been many various/verified (8) theories about its original use and although modern methods of investigation have expanded/extended (9) our knowledge, no one is certain/doubtful (10) why it was built. One theory proposed/suggested (11) that Stonehenge was built by the Romans with the aim of fortifying/fortification (12) the area against attacks. According to the other theory, the Druids, who were suppressed/surrendered (13) soon after the Roman Conquest, used that place as a temple from which they could observe stars and planets and prescribe/predict (14) such things as eclipses. Some people believe that the Druids were a group of priests, while others regard/disregard (15) them as medicine-men who practised human/
humane (16) sacrifice and cannibalism.
In the 20th century, archeologists disproved/proved (17) these theories wrong. They showed that work on Stonehenge began 2000 years before the Celts or Romans arrived in the area. Today it is widely/wildly (18) believed that Neolithic people in Britain built Stonehenge.
Whatever the theory is, the origins/originality (19) of these distinctive country features have always been surrounded by mystery/mist (20).
4. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.