Who invented writing

The ability to write provides the opportunity to communication (1) over time and distance, to keep administrate (2) records and pass messages over long distances. Over the past 3,500 years civilize (3) and cultures across the world have created at least 700 different forms of writing. However, if the evolve (4) of the world’s writing systems is traced back, it becomes clear that nearly all of them origin (5) from just four sources: the ancient script of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and Mexico. All European and Arab scripts origin (6) come from Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most Asia (7) scripts do too, even if the link is less direct. Modern Korea (8) and Vietnam (9), however, come from Chinese. The first form of writing was pictograms, simple pictures of objects. Grade (10) they were replaced by ‘logograms’, symbols present (11) objects.

At a later stage of development, the alphabet (12) system successfully come (13) the problem of Egyptian hieroglyphs. In this system the combine (14) of characters and letters sign (15) different sounds. Early versions of the alphabet system are the basis of the Cyrillic and Rome (16) scripts still used in Europe today.

The tradition (17) view was that writing was invented in Mesopotamia and then spread to Egypt. It was thought that the Chinese script developed dependent (18) a thousand years later. Formerly, it was accepted that the Sumerians invented the full (19) developed writing system. New evident (20) demonstrates that they only did this after the Mesopotamians had been using a script for 200 years.

Another discovery is perhaps even more controversy (21). It suggests the Chinese were writing before the Egyptians. It will take time and more evidence to convince the entire archeology (22) community that the idea of writing spread from east to west, and not the other way round.

2. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных трех вариантов.

Invention in literature

Cultural inventions seem to have (1) ___ altered our life style. It was not long ago that the novel became (2) ___ from the narrative story, and, most importantly, gave rise to the ‘popular’ novel.

The detective novel is the only literary genre (3) ___ in modern times that

(4) ___ with specific rules. It rapidly became (5) ___ successful. All historians agree on the (6) ___ of the American writer Allan Poe as its inventor. The first ever detective story, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, actually (7) ___ the first rule of the genre, which is to set out a detective puzzle and to (8) ___ it in the course of the story by investigation and (9) ___. The whole literary genre was to be (10) ___ by it, from Agatha Christie to Georges Simeon.

1	A surprisingly	B significantly	C substantially
2	A distinguished	B differential	C distinctive
3	A created	B found	C founded
4	A complies	B compiles	C composes
5	A internationally	B worldwide	C worldly
6	A dissemination	B denomination	C distinction
7	A arranged	B established	C installed
8	A solve	B dissolve	C resolve
9	A deduction	B dedication	C devotion
10	A expired	B inspired	C conspired

3. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

CHESS

Chess, often referred to as the royalty (1) game, is the oldest of all board games which do not contain any element of probable (2) usually associated with a dice. The origins of chess are certain (3), nevertheless, there are a number of legends regard (4) its invention. One story tells that it was King Solomon who invented chess, another that it was the Greece (5) god Hermes. And yet another that the Chinese mandarin Han-Sing was respond (6) for its creation. In fact, chess almost certainly origin (7) in India in the sixth or seventh century AD. The game’s popular (8) then spread quickly through Persia (now known as Iran) and from there came to Europe. The first documented referent (9) to chess in literature is in a Persian romance which was written about 6000 AD. It is believed the word ‘chess’ comes from ‘shah’, the Persian word for ‘king’ and ‘chechmate’. The name of the game’s win (10) move comes from the phrase ‘shah mat’ meaning ‘the king is die (11)’. Actually the name ‘check mat’ is used in some languages as the name of the game. The rules and pieces used in the game have go (12) considerable changes over the centuries. Modern chess owes much to the Spain (13) Ruy Lopez de Segura, who in 1561 wrote the first book on how to play the game. In it he introduced the conceive (14) of ‘castling’, which had not been part of the game before then.

4. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.