A short history of beef
The word beef, which refers/denotes (1) to the flesh of a cow or an ox, did not come to England with William the Conqueror, as many people suggest/suppose (2): it was first brought over from France towards the end of the thirteenth century. There are recordings/records (3) of beef being eaten nearly 4 500 years ago and beef was the most favoured/favourite (4) food with the Romans when they arrived/reached (5) in Britain.
The Anglo Saxons tended to prefer mutton or pork, but the Normans were decisively/ definitely (6) keener on beef. The Normans also preferred cow’s milk to sheep’s milk and as a result there was a steady/stable (7) rise in the number of cows in Britain, so that by the thirteenth century beef had become
the country’s favourite/favourable (8) meat. It has kept that pose/position (9) ever since and the ‘roast beef of old England’ has a special placement/
place (10) not only in the hearts of the English people but also in their cuisine/kitchen (11), especially when beef is accompanied/served (12) by Yorkshire pudding, a traditional English dish.
The word beef has also possessed/acquired (13) several metaphorical meanings in everyday/nowadays (14) English. It can mean 'muscular/ masculine (15) power or effort', as in the adjective ‘beefy’ or ‘to complain’ in ‘Stop beefing about your job all the time’. Both of these uses of the word came over from the United States in the nineteenth century.
6. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
Worcestershire sauсe
Retirement order safe local wonderful original manufacturers horrible clearing stuff natural annually
Fifty million bottles of Lea and Perrins Worcestershire sauce are now sold (1) ___ in 130 different countries.
The (2) ___recipe did not come from Worcestershire, however, and at the beginning Mr Lea and Mr Parrins, the (3) ___, did not even like it.
It was lord Marcus Sandys who, on his (4) ___from the post of the Governor of Bengal in India, brought in the recipe to Worcester in 1835. He asked the
(5) ___ chemist’s shop, Lea and Perrins, to make up several bottles of this
(6) ___for him.
They carried out his (7) ___, making some sauce for themselves as well. But, deciding it tasted (8) ___, they put it in the cellar and forgot about it. Two years later, when (9) ___ up the cellar they found the bottles, tasted the sauce and thought it was (10) ___.
The sauce is still made to the same secret recipe and the bottles you buy in the shops are about three years old. Even when one hundred years old, the sauce is said to be not only (11) ___, but also still very good indeed, despite the fact that it contains only (12) ___ ingredients.
7. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
TOMATO
T
he
first known mention/recollection
(1) of
the Italian tomato in Italy dates back to the year 1544. It was then
that the herbalist Mattioli called it ‘Pomidoro’,
which means ‘Golden
Apple’,
referring/meaning
(2) possibly
to the golden colour of the original yellow vegetable known at that
time. Tomatoes were then cultivated into bright red
varieties/variations
(3) and
according to Mattioli they were cut into slices/strips
(4) and
eaten fried/roasted
(5) in
oil with salt and pepper.
In 1811, the Italian cook Filippo Re discovered that if tomatoes were crushed/crashed (6), cooked and afterwards dried in the sun they turned into a red paste. This was an ideal way of preserving/saving (7) the tomato throughout the year, allowing the preparation of many dishes such as sauces and stews. Around the 1840s this product started to be commercialized/industrialized (8) and sold in markets, where it was served on fresh fig leaves.
It was later recognized that the tomato was packed full of many worthy/precious (9) vitamins and other substances contained/consisted (10) in the seeds, along with a low calorie count/account (11) and can be suitable for a vast number of culinary uses. The various technologies for preservation were created, enabling/empowering (12) tomatoes to be used throughout the year and in the subsequent/consequent (13) years the tomato has become second only to the potato as the most popular vegetable in the world.
8. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.