Canned food

Anxious (1) over the preservation of food is doubt (2) as old as humanity. Ever since man hunted, he must have realized that the meat of his game would go rotten and become harm (3) in certain circumstances. However, even primitive treat (4) like drying or salting could prevent meat and fish from losing their organoleptic qualities. It is also known that from the 3rd or 4th millennium before Christ man used special places like caves for store (5) his surplus food. The Chinese seem to have mastered three techniques of preservation by the 1st millennium: the first, by salting, the second by using spices, and the third by ferment (6) in wine. Moreover, the Chinese had improved the process of drying by its combine (7) with smoking. It is with the Chinese therefore that the actual invention of preservation of food began.

T hese technical (8) hardly varied for at least two and a half millennia. There was an obvious problem with all of them, which was firstly gastronomic and then diet (9): these foods always tasted strongly of salt or vinegar. Apart from pickled foods and other similar conserve (10) methods, there was no progress in the domain of the preservation of food until the invention of appertization.

Nicolas Appert, a confection (11) in Paris, was the first to have the idea, in 1780, that heat apply (12) to sealed jars could prevent the fermentation of food; he began to put it to the test. The idea was so remarkable, yet mature (13), that it was only Pasteur, nearly one century later, who proof (14) that heat actually killed the bacteria respond (15) for fermentation.

From 1815 number (16) canning industries were created all over the world.

4. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.

SALT

Salt is (1) ___ to life. At one time it was considered so valuable that it was actually (2) ___ as a god. Roman soldiers used to be paid “salt money”, which is where the world “salary” (3) ___ from. Nowadays, however, salt is so (4) ___ that few people even (5) ___ to think about it. But perhaps they should.

The human body needs so little salt to (6) ___ its balance that it is very easy to (7) ___ too much of it. An (8) ___ of salt in the diet can lead to high blood pressure, which in turn can increase the risk of heart disease. Cooking with salt also reduces the nutritional (9) ___ of the food. For example, spinach boiled in salted water loses 50% of its iron, (10) ___ to only 19% when boiled in salt-(11) ___ water. Many people have the habit of (12) ___ salt to their food when they are at the table. Some even do this before they have tasted the food. This is one of the (13) ___ why the (14) ___ person in Britain eats two and a half to three teaspoons of salt every day. The maximum recommended (15) ___ is one and a half, and the (16) ___ amount is just half a teaspoon.

1	A substantial	B necessary	C essential	D significant
2	A worshipped	B praised	C adored	D respected
3	A arrived	B originated	C appeared	D emerged
4	A typical	B average	C widespread	D common
5	A mind	B worry	C bother	D labor
6	A sustain	B retain	C obtain	D contain
7	A consumption	B assume	C resume	D consume
8	A access	B excess	C except	D assess
9	A quality	B validity	C value	D evaluation
10	A compared	B comparable	C incomparable	D opposed
11	A free	B clean	C empty	D clear
12	A inserting	B mixing	C including	D adding
13	A possibilities	B justification	C reason	D explanations
14	A ordinary	B average	C common	D usual
15	A dosage	B dose	C overdose	D doze
16	A ideal	B superior	C good	D excellent

5. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.