Cytology as a science.
Cytology means "the study of cells". Cytology is that branch of life science, which deals withthe
The cell is the functional basic unit of life dis- covered by Robert Hooke. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion cells; a typical cell size is 10 micrometersand a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest known cells are unfertilized ostrichegg cells, which weigh 3.3pounds.
The
cell the- ory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias JakobSchleiden
and Theodor Schwann, states that all organ- isms are composed of one
or more cells, that all cells come frompreexisting
cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary informa- tion necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
The wordcellcomes from the Latincellula, meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his micro- scope to the small rooms monks lived in.
The cell consists of different proteins. Each type of protein is usually sent to a particular part of the cell. Most proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This process is known as proteinbiosynthesis.
Appreciating the similarities and differences be- tween cell types is particularly important to cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology. There- fore, research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and developmental biology.
Give English equivalent to the followingphrases.
Многоклеточные организмы, молекулярная биология, деление, клетка, наследственная инфор- мация, органеллы, яйцеклетка, исследование рака, раздел (науки), иметь дело с, бактерии, молеку-
лярный уровень, цитология.
Translate the sentences into English using thewords youlearned.
Биология клетки— раздел биологии, изу- чающий живые клетки, их органоиды, их строе- ние, функционирование, процессы клеточного размножения, старения исмерти.
Важнейшим дополнениемклеточной тео-рииявилось утверждение знаменитого немецкого натуралиста, что каждая клетка образуется в ре- зультатеделениядругойклетки.
Биология развития— раздел современ- ной биологии, изучающий процессы индивидуаль- ногоразвитияорганизма.
Благодаря достижениям в областииммуно-логиисоздаются новые технологии для диагности- ки и лечения заболеваний, производства и приме- нения лекарственныхпрепаратов.
Надо рассматривать данный процесс намо-лекулярномуровне.
Жизненный цикл— закономерная смена всех поколений, характерных для данно- го вида живыхорганизмов.
Answer the question according to thetext.
What iscytology?
Is cytology and biology of a cell the same sci- ence?
What does cell biologystudy?
Who discovered thecell?
Is a cell the smallest unit oflife?
Give examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
What cells are the largest knowncells?
Who developed the celltheory?
Where does the wordcellcomefrom?
What is it inside thecell?
What isbiosynthesis?
What sciences are related to the cell biology closely?
Put the words in the right order and writedown thesentences:
that studies cells/ is / scientific / a/ cell biol- ogy / discipline/
basic/the/cell/ life/ functional/ of /is/the/
unit /
of/ called/ life //the cell / often / the building block / is/
and/ 10 /mass /a /typical/ size/ nanogram/ is / a cell / is /1/cell/µm/typical/
for/ that /the next/ functions/ and /regulating/ all/ the /information /contain /for /cell/ hereditary/ to/ necessary/ generation / cells /cells /information/ of/ transmitting
provide/ differences /these /unifying/ simi- larities /and /theme fundamental/a
Write out the sentences expressing the mainideas of each logical part of thetext.
Read and translate thetext.