- •Введение
- •Text II Programming Languages
- •Notes to the text:
- •Text III Computer Programming
- •Text IV a Realm of Programming Languages
- •Fortran IV
- •Text a Running the computer program
- •Text b The conversion of symbolic languages
- •Text c Testing the computer program
- •Text II Anti-Virus Software and Other Preventative Countermeasures
- •Why we call it “Virus”
- •Text II Transmitting the Signal
- •Insert the missing information.
- •Text II Fiber-Optic Cables
- •Text III Radio waves
- •In the picture you can see the way that original sound passes before it becomes reproduced sound. Describe this way in your own words.
- •Brief history of the radio
- •Text IV Uses of Radio
- •Text V Communications Satellites
- •Unit IV telecommunications systems
- •Text I Telegraph
- •Text II Telephone, Teletype, Telex, and Facsimile Transmission
- •Text III Radio and Television
- •Text II am and fm broadcast radio
- •Text II Navigation
- •Text III Global Positioning and Navigation Systems
- •Text II Yuzhnoye State Design Office
- •Text III Altitudinal Meteorological Mast (amm)
- •How do you send and receive messages?
- •The future of mobile phones
- •Why people use mobile phones
- •Help always at hand: a mobile is a girl’s best friend
- •Part III
- •Robotics
- •What is robot
- •Exercise 1
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Notes to the text:
- •Exercise 2 Words and expressions to be remembered:
- •Androids
- •Exercise2 Words and expressions to be remembered:
- •Exercise3
- •Exercise4
- •Exercise 5
- •Unit III
- •Entertainment robots
- •Exercise 1
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Exercise2 Words and expressions to be remembered:
- •Exercise3
- •Exercise4
- •Exercise5
- •Exercise6
- •Unit IV articulated robots Text 1
- •Military robots
- •Exercise 1
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Notes to the text
- •Exercise2 Words and expressions to be remembered:
- •Exercise3
- •Exercise4
- •Imagine that you have listened the short lecture about the military robots. Speak to the lecturer answering his questions. Use the following combinations:
- •Exercise5
- •Exercise6
- •ThePlanofRenderingNewspaperArticle
- •Unit VI
- •Humanoid robots
- •Exercise 1
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Notestothetext
- •Unit VII nanorobotics
- •Notes to the text
- •Unit VIII microbotics
- •Unit IX robotic surgery
- •Imagine that you are an interpreter. Translate only that part of the text about evaluation methods of innovation projects.
- •Notes to the text:
- •Text II Anthropogenic Metabolism
- •Text II Numerical Control and Automated Assembly
- •Notes to the text:
- •Text II Telemechanics
- •Notestothetext
- •Text II
- •Information Systems
- •The Management Process, Management Information and Control Systems, and Cybernetics
- •Notestothetext:
- •Inteligent Vehicle Tracking And Controling Systems
- •Методы искусственного интеллекта
- •Text II
- •Information technology
- •Text III
- •Information Age
- •Supplementary reading history of communication
- •The telegraph
- •Commercial growth of the telephone
- •The emergence of broadcasting
- •Government regulation
- •International telecommunications networks
- •Current developments
- •Russia's telecommunications roads get wider, more expensive
- •Developing of telecommunications
- •Sattelite sirvices
- •What is computer virus?
- •What viruses do
- •What viruses don't do
- •Types of computer viruses
- •A place of existence File Infectors
- •Boot Viruses
- •Multi-Partite Viruses
- •Macro Viruses
- •Used operation system
- •Work Algorithms
- •Uses Of Radio Waves
- •Transmission And Reception Of Radio Waves
- •Development Of Radio Technology
- •Bluetooth
- •What Is In a Name? (The History Of Bluetooth)
- •Sic (Special Interest Croup)
- •Used frequencies
- •Bluetooth ability
- •How is connection established?
- •Discoverable mode
- •Limited discoverable mode
- •Protection Technology
- •Digital house
- •Headphones, Video Camera, Microphone, Commutator As Clock.
- •The language of e-mail
- •Internet
- •Basic protocols in Internet and search in them
- •Tools of search in www
- •Tools Of Search
- •Thematic catalogues
- •Magellan
- •Virtual Library
- •Russia-On-Line Subject Guide
- •Automatic indexes
- •Alta Vista
- •Info seek
- •WebCrawler
- •Glossary
- •Заключение
Notes to the text:
1.From scratch – ab ovo, from the very beginning – to start at the beginning, without being allowed any advantages. Eg: Recently, there have been investigations on how to reorganize an existing web site. But none of them has addressed the problem of organizing a web site automatically from scratch.
2. to fall into disuse – to come into disuse, to get out of use - state of no longer being used. Eg: Jacquard looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both had extremely limited languages, so punch cards very soon fell into disuse.
EXERCISE 10
Learn the terms from the text below:
equation— уравнение, приравнивание
listofinstructions — переченькоманд
guard— защищать; предохранять; завершать; заканчивать
appropriatesequence— необходимая (требуемая) последовательность
programlogic — логическая последовательность выполнения программы
flowchart— блок-схема; составлять блок-схему
flowcharting — построение блок-схемы
pictorialrepresentation — наглядное представление
predefinedsymbols— заранее заданные символы
specifics— специальные черты; характерные особенности
emplate [im'pleit] — шаблон; маска; образец; эталон
pseudocode— псевдокод; псевдопрограмма
burden— издержки; затраты
programmingrules — правила программирования
consume — потреблять; расходовать
emphasize— выделять; подчеркивать
top-downapproach — принцип нисходящей разработки
loopinglogic — логическая схема выполнения (операций) в цикле
Text III Computer Programming
EXERCISE 1
Read and translate the text.
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms; it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.
The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.
There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbols shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.
The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.
Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.
EXERCISE 2
Learn the terms from text:
programminglanguage – язык программирования
codedform – кодированное представление; кодированный вид
toconvey — передавать; сообщать
toimprove — улучшать, совершенствовать
machine-orientedlanguage — машинно-ориентированный язык
business-orientedlanguage — язык для (программирования) экономических задач
problem-orientedlanguage — проблемно-ориентированный язык
stringofbinary — строка двоичного представления
datahandling — обработка данных; работа с данными
field-namelength — длинаимениполя
incorporatefeatures — включать свойства, особенности
versatile — многофункциональный; разносторонний; универсальный
generous — большой, значительный (о количестве)
mathematicalrelationship — математическая связь (соотношение)
EXERCISE 3
Find the English equivalents to the words from the text.
шаблон; необходимая последовательность; совокупность закодированных команд; суть компьютерного программирования; защищать от ошибок; кодирование посредством алгоритма; формулы, уравнения, вычисления; обработать особым образом; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; перечень команд; составлять план логической последовательности; общепринятая методика; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; заранее заданные символы; псевдопрограмма; без издержек; выделять принцип нисходящей обработки; расходовать меньше времени; логическая схема выполнения операций в цикле; необходимая последовательность операций.
EXERCISE 4
Find the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations
Программав двоичном коде; прикладная программа; программа, выполняемая в защищенном режиме; (не) совместимая программа; бесплатная программа; программа отладки; часто используемая (распространенная) программа; сервисная программа; сторожевая программа; дистанционная программа; программа моделирования; вспомогательная программа; программа для доступа (к данным); программа, работающая с базой данных; обучающая программа; универсальная программа; программа обработки данных; программа операционной системы (системная программа); выполняемая программа; сетевая /несетевая программа; самозагружающаяся программа; программа управления; программа обнаружения вирусов, заархивированная программа; программа, выполняемая с большой скоростью.
Program: access program; protected-mode program; application program; archived program; control / management program; binary program; operating (-system) program; common program; compatible / incompatible program; database program; educational / teaching / training program; free program; general-purpose program; high-performance program; off-line program; on-line program; processing program; remote program; running program; self-loading program; simulation program; debugging program; support program; utility program; virus-detection program; watch-dog program.
EXERCISE 5
Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood
1. It is required that the programmer should code the instructions of the program in the appropriate sequence.
2. The manager demanded that the work should be performed in time.
3. Without the Sun there would be no light, no heat, and no energy of any kind.
4. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer.
5. Write down the algorithm of computer operations lest you should make errors.
6. Our teacher speaks English as if she were a real Englishwoman.
7. I wished you had mentioned these facts while the subject was being discussed.
8. I wish it were summer now and we could go to the seaside.
9. I should like to be a top specialist in computer technology.
10. American scientists suggested that the quantum generator should be called laser, which is the acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
EXERCISE 6
Answer the following questions according to the text.
1. What is programming?
2. What is the essence of programming?
3. What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer?
4. What is a program?
5. What are instructions?
6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic?
7. What is a flowchart?
8. What is a template and what is it used for?
9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"?
10. What are the basic structures of pseudocode?
