- •I.Accounting
- •Text b Keeping a Record Of Transactions
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •Revision exercises
- •Text b Assets and Liabilities
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •Historical Cost and Unit of Measure
- •Revision exercises
- •Limitations of the Balance Sheet
- •Letter to Shareholders
- •Lesson 3
- •Text a The Accounting
- •Text b Errors in Bookkeeping
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •Revision exercises
- •Text b The Accounting Period
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •Revision exercises
- •Statement of Cash Flows
- •Text b The vertical format
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •The Balance Sheet
- •The Balance Sheet
- •Uses of the Balance Sheet
- •Revision exercises
- •The Structure of a Balance Sheet
- •Lesson 6
- •Text a The Income Statement
- •Text b What does the Income Statement show?
- •Wordlist
- •Work on the texts Text a
- •Revision exercises
- •Wordlist
I.Accounting
Lesson 1
Texts: Text A:What Bookkeeping is All About
Text B: Keeping A Record Of Transactions
Text A
What Bookkeeping is All About
The word “business” is very popular. What is business? We may say that business consist of selling goods and services at a profit. In other words, any enterprise in which we purchase and sell goods, spend, borrow, save and lend money is a business. It may be a drugstore, a TV repair shop, a manufacturing plant or something else. Business is a game with many players, and bookkeepers keep the score1 in this game.
In the past, bookkeepers kept business records in big volumes: “the books”. Today, the people who keep the records are still called bookkeepers, even though they don’t use quill pens2 and “the books” may be computer disks. But the principle remains the same. Bookkeepers tell the owners, how much money comes into the business, how much goes out, how much money the business owns and owes. Is the business gaining or losing in value?
Essentially, bookkeepers use the same methods when they are working for a sole proprietorship (which has only one owner) a partnership, or a corporation.
Text b Keeping a Record Of Transactions
A transaction is any business operation that involves money. It may be a sale, a purchase, a loan, a lease payment, or any other activity in which money is transferred3 from one account to another. The money can be in the form of cash (currency), cheque or money order.
The first responsibility of a bookkeeper is to keep a record of every transaction of the business he/she works for.
Bookkeepers record transactions in the journal. In the journal the bookkeeper enters transactions in chronological order (making a journal entries). Later the bookkeepers transfer entries to the accounts and use them to prepare many kinds of financial reports.
The journal page has two columns. A bookkeeping entry is either a debit or a credit. A debit is usually in the left-hand column. A credit is usually in the right-hand column. Debits and credits must be always balance (must be equal to each other). Every transaction involves both a credit and a debit.
Wordlist
1 |
bookkeeping [`buk,ki:piŋ] |
бухгалтерия |
2 |
business [`biznis] |
1.дело, занятие, коммерческая деятельность 2. коммерческое предприятие, фирма |
3 |
bookkeeper [`buk,ki:pǝ] |
бухгалтер |
4 |
accountant [ǝ`kauntǝnt] |
бухгалтер (более высокой квалификации) |
5 |
to consist of smth [kǝn`sist] |
состоять из чего-л. |
6 |
to sell (sold, sold) |
продавать |
7 |
profit [`prᴐfit] at a profit |
выгода с выгодой |
8 |
in other words |
другими словами |
9 |
enterprise [`entǝpraiz] |
предприятие |
10 |
to purchase |
покупать |
11 |
to spend (spent, spent) |
тратить (время, деньги) |
12 |
to borrow |
занимать, брать взаймы |
13 |
to save |
1.экономика 2.сохранять |
14 |
to lend (lent, lent) |
давать взаймы, одалживать, ссужать |
15 |
records [`rekᴐ:dz] |
записи, документация, учётные документы |
16 |
to record [ri`kᴐ:d] |
записывать, регистрировать |
17 |
volume [`vᴐlju:m] |
том, книга |
18 |
still |
всё ещё |
19 |
to use [ju:z] |
использовать, пользоваться |
20 |
to remain [ri`mein] |
оставаться |
21 |
owner [``ǝunǝ] |
владелец |
22 |
to own [ǝun] |
владеть, иметь в собственности |
23 |
to owe to smb [ǝu] |
1.быть должным кому-л. 2. быть обязанным кому-л. |
24 |
to gain [gein] |
получать, приобретать, извлекать выгоду |
25 |
to lose [lu:z] (lost, lost) |
терять |
26 |
value [`vælju:] |
стоимость |
27 |
essentially [i`senʃ(ǝ)li] |
по существу |
28 |
sole proprietorship [sǝul prǝ`praiǝtǝʃip] |
индивидуальное частное предприятие |
29 |
partnership [`pa:tnǝʃip] |
товарищество |
30 |
corporation |
корпорация |
31 |
transaction [træn`zækʃǝn] |
сделка |
32 |
to involve [in`vᴐlv] e.g. It involves great expenses. |
включать в себя, вызывать Это влечёт за собой большие расходы |
33 |
sale [seil] |
продажа |
34 |
purchase [`pǝ:tʃǝs] |
покупка |
35 |
loan [lǝun] |
заём, ссуда |
36 |
lease payment |
платёж за аренду, лизинговый платёж |
37 |
to transfer |
переводить, переносить, перемещать |
38 |
account [ǝ`kaunt] |
счёт |
39 |
cash |
наличные |
40 |
cheque [tʃek] am. check |
чек |
41 |
money order |
платёжное поручение |
42 |
promise [`prᴐmis] |
обещание |
43 |
responsibility for smth [ris,pᴐnsǝ`biliti] |
ответственность за что-л. |
44 |
to be responsible for smth |
быть ответственным за что-л. |
45 |
journal [ʤǝ:nǝl] |
журнал |
46 |
to enter smth |
вносить, записывать, регистрировать |
47 |
entry [`entri] journal entries |
1.запись 2.проводка запись в учётном журнале |
48 |
to make an entry |
вносить запись; делать проводку |
49 |
financial reports [fai`nænʃǝl ripo:ts] |
финансовая отчётность |
50 |
either … or |
или … или |
51 |
debit [`debut] |
дебет |
52 |
credit [`kedit] |
кредит |
53 |
left-hand column |
левая колонка |
54 |
right-hand column |
правая колонка |
55 |
to balance |
сводить баланс, выравнивать дебет и кредит счёта |
56 |
Equal [`i:kwǝl] |
Равный |
57 |
item [`aitǝm] |
1.позиция, пункт, единица 2. бухгалтерская запись, позиция в балансе |
58 |
both [bǝuθ] |
Оба, обе |
59 |
both … and |
Как … так и, и … и |