Грамматический материал Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II)
Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II) правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания –ed к основе глагола:
to live – live + ed = lived
to stop – stop + ed = stopped
to study – study + ed = studied
to fit – fit +ed = fitted
Participle II неправильных глаголов дается в Таблице любого учебного пособия.(см.3 колонку,3-я форма)
В предложении Participle II может быть:
определением; переводится причастием страдательного залога с суффиксами-окончаниями –нный, -емый, -имый,-тый, -шийся, -вшийся. В функции определения Participle II может стоять перед определяемым словом или после него:
The fibres produced by our shop Волокна, выпускаемые нашим цехом,
are of improved quality. улучшенного качества.
Обратите внимание на перевод предложений, в которых за подлежащим следуют два слова с окончанием -ed. Первое из них обычно бывает определением в форме Participle Ii и при переводе ставится перед определяемым словом, второе является сказуемым в Past Indefinite (Simple):
The device invented showed Изобретенный прибор показал
good performance. хорошую работу.
Однако в некоторых случаях первым словом может быть сказуемое в Past Indefinite (Simple), а вторым – Participle II в функции определения:
Yesterday the engineer demonstrated Вчера инженер показал
improved mechanisms. усовершенствованные
механизмы.
обстоятельством; перед Participle II в функции обстоятельства обычно стоят союзы when – когда, if – если, unless – если не, as – как. Такой причастный оборот переводится, как правило, придаточным обстоятельственным предложением, а иногда – предлогом при + существительное:
As seen from the article these Как видно из статьи, эти двигатели
engines are produced in Ufa. изготавливаются в Уфе.
Unless tested the machine must Если машина не испытана (не прошла
not be put into operation. испытаний), ее нельзя эксплуатировать.
частью сказуемого в страдательном залоге и во временах группы Perfect; переводится глаголом в личной форме:
I was told about this discovery Мне сказали об этом открытии
only a few days ago. только несколько дней назад.
Итак, причастие прошедшего времени Participle II переводится:
причастием страдательного залога (с суффиксами -нн, -м, -т, -ш, -вш);
глаголом в личной форме в обстоятельственном придаточном предложении;
при + существительное.
Практическая работа № 1
Совершенствование навыков выделять главное в тексте, подбирать необходимую информацию по теме занятия; воспитывать интерес к самостоятельному изучению материала.
Упражнение 1.
1) Ознакомьтесь с содержанием научной статьи.
The three states (phases) of matter
States (phases)
A
state (phase) describes the physical state of matter.
The key word to note is physical. Matter only moves from one phase to
another through a physical change. If energy is added (such as
increasing the temperature) or if energy is taken away (such as
decreasing the temperature) we have created a physical change.
The three states (phases) of matter.
The three most common phases that matter takes on are solids, liquids, and gases. A compound or element can change from one phase to another, but still remains the same substance. Think about a nice refreshing glass of water, without the salt for now. At room temperature the water is a liquid, but if once the glass is put into the freezer the water turns into a solid (ice). The content of the glass is still H2O, just H2O (liquid) versus H2O (solid).
The fundamental difference between phases is the distance between particles.
In solids particles are extremely close together, essentially in a fixed, ordered arrangement. In liquids, there is a bit more disorder. The particles are free to move around, but they are still very close together. The particles in gases, on the other hand, are far apart. They have complete freedom of motion and are in total disorder.
Another related property is density, the mass per unit volume. Gases have the lowest density, followed by liquids, then solids that have the largest density.
What weighs more: a helium balloon, a water balloon, or a brick, assuming they are all roughly the same size? The balloon weighs the least because there is less stuff packed into the same amount of space - it has the smallest density. The brick weighs the most because it contains the most stuff in the same amount of space - it has the largest density.
Which object weighs the most? Density is the key.
The kinetic energy (the energy associated with motion) and intermolecular forces (IMF) amongst the particles in solids, liquids, and gases are different. When we talk about IMFs, we are referring to the strength of the attractions in between different molecules. A typical mistake is to think in terms of the actual bonds within the molecule. IMFs actually refer to attractions between one molecule and another. This usually depends on an electrical attraction. Positive charges are attracted to negative charges. In the gaseous phase particles are in constant motion and have high energy. There are essentially no intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules because the particles are so far apart and rarely interact.
Liquids, on the other hand, are made up of molecules that are very close to each other but still have some translational energy (they can move around). What keeps these liquid molecules close to one another? IMFs do. This means IMFs for liquids must be stronger than the IMFs for gases.
Vaporization or boiling point (the temperature at which a liquid is converted into a gas) is the temperature at which we break all (or nearly all) the IMFs that keep the molecules close together in the liquid phase. Gases can turn into liquids by a process called condensation, while solids can turn into liquids by a process called melting.
What about the solid phase? It is the most ordered of the three phases. The IMFs are so crazy strong that the particles are effectively locked in place and are no longer able to move. The melting point is the temperature at which a solid is converted into a liquid. At this temperature some (but not all) of the IMFs are broken.
Solids sometimes go directly from the solid phase into the gas state at a given temperature. We call this process sublimation. The opposite process, the conversion of a gas into a solid, is called deposition. The final process you should know is freezing, which is the process in which a liquid is turned into a solid.
A fourth less common state of matter called plasma is found in fluorescent lights, neon signs, stars, and lightning.
Ответьте на вопросы по прочитанной статье:
What is the process called when a solid turns into a liquid?
Is it true or false that liquids are easy to compress?
What is the process called when a gas changes into a liquid?
Is it true or false that the particles of a gas are packed tightly together?
What do the solids become when they reach their melting points?
Is it true or false that plasma is a fourth state of matter?
What does a gas become when it reaches its condensation point?
Is it true or false that solids do not take the shape of the container they are in?
What is the process called when a solid changes directly into a gas?
Is it true or false that gases are hard to compress?
Упражнение 2.
Выберите ʺto learnʺ или ʺto studyʺ и дополните предложения:
I _______ that she has two grown-up children.
Kate has a good memory, she has _____ the poem by heart in ten minutes.
Her son is a gifted boy, he ______ at Kensington School of Art.
Some people say that the only way to ____ perfect English is to _____ abroad.
I began to ______ English when I was eight.
How many students _____ English at your group?
If Ann _____ hard on math she will pass the exam.
We ______ that she has found a new job.
Where does your friend ______ this year?
Graphology is a ______ of handwriting and a way of telling the writer’s personality.