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1) Phonetic stylistic devices

Phonetic means of speech characterizationExpressive phonetic means

1) Alliteration

Phonetic variation Prosodic means 2) Onomatopoeia

1) reduction of sounds 1) emphatic stress 3) Assonance

2) omission of sounds 2) intonation

3) substitution of sounds 3) rhythm

4) rhyme

5) pauses

Classification of phonetic stylistic devices

I. PHONETICS OF UNITS

Phonetic means of speech characterization (normally found in the personages discourse):

1.Phonetic variation:

• Reduction of vowels: haven’t, isn’t, you = ye – found in colloquial speech

fellow = fella, kind of = kinda, going to = gonna, would you = wudja,

give me a cup of (tea) = gimme a cuppa (characterize negligent fluent speech

• Omission & substitution of consonants:

could have been = could ‘of been; old = ole; and = an’; say =sy (cockney);

Henry =’Enry (cockney); Mith = Miss (lisping - шепелявость)

• Substitution of sounds: darling = dulin’; everything = eve’thin; somewhat = summut - complete mispronunciation.

These stylistic devices have different functions. Contracted forms characterize colloquial speech. Other deviations can be used as a means of the personage’s speech characteristics – they indicate his/her social status, educational level, characterize him as a carrier of some dialect or transfer some individual peculiarities of pronunciation (children’s speech, lisping, burr – картавость). Moreover, phonetic variation can transfer the personage’s emotional state, the baby talk and so on.

It is necessary to distinguish phonetic and graphical stylistic means (graphons).

Graphon - is intentional violation (искажение) of the spelling of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation. The majority of the above mentioned examples of phonetic variation (except standard contracted forms) can be defined as graphons.

II phonetics of sequences

Expressive phonetic means - (found in the author’s discourse). This part of stylistics deals with prosody& interaction of speech sounds in sequence. Phonetic expressive means deal with the sound instrumenting (звуковаяинструментовка) of the utterance and are mainly found in poetry.

Phonetic expressive means and devices are used for several purposes:

• to produce a certain acoustic effect;

• to give emphasis to the utterance;

• to arouse emotions in the reader or the listener.

1.Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of similar consonant in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.

Deep into the darkness peering, long and stood there wondering fearing,

Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before.(E.A.Poe)

Взор застыл во тьме стесненный, и стоял я изумленный,

Снам отдавшись, недоступным на земле ни для кого …

The repetition of the sound [d] in the lines quoted from Poe’s poem “The Raven” prompts the feeling of anxiety, fear, horror, anguish or all these feelings simultaneously.