Intonation of declarative type of sentences

The kazakh linguist M. Karaev defines declarative sentence as a sentence used for the purpose of expressing thoughts concerning something or somebody. In order to express the thoughts more clearly and more expressive to the listener, the speaker must pay much attention to the rhythm and the melody in pronouncing the declarative sentence. e.g. Мен достарыммен бірге қыдыруға бара жатырмын. Kazakh speakers while declaring the information use the falling tone, categoric and matter-of-fact. The negative sentence of Kazakh language sounds as declarative with low voice-pitch. No matter whether speaker is self-confident, categoric, non-categoric, interested, or hesitates, he uses falling or high-falling tone in his speech. e.g. Сенің тапсырмаңды ешкім орындай алмады. In these negative sentences high-falling tone is appropriate to use as it conveys personal concern or involvement, and can express vigorous agreement. In English high-falling tone is used to show also these very feelings as in Kazakh. e.g. I cannot come in time because of the job. But the peculiarity of intonation of English declarative sentence is that the speaker can use rising tone in order to make the sentences sound not categoric, assertive and separative, but soothing and reassuring as it is shown in the sentences. e.g. I `promise I `shall not tell `anyone. Unfortunately, in Kazakh language rising tone is applied to indicate the interrogative and exclamatory sentences. e.g. Асқар кітап оқып жатыр. If we pronounce this very sentence with rising tone as «Асқар кітап оқып жатыр? «, it means that we are a little bit surprised, interested.

Intonation of interrogative type of sentences.

In Kazakh language there are four types of interrogative sentences: general, special, alternative and disjunctive questions. The linguists pay much attention to the intonation of the interrogative sentence in Kazakh language . e.g. – Айғаным мен Ілияс көнетін емес. – Көнетін емес? – Иә, көнетін түрі жоқ… In these sentences the words «Көнетін емес? « may have both the interrogative and exclamatory meaning with the help of intonation. If in English the general question begins with the auxiliary verb or modal verb, in Kazakh language the feature that shows that this question is general one is the interrogative particles like ба, бе, ма, ме. e.g. Do you speak English? Сіз ағылшын тілін білесіз бе? The answer to this question should be as in English language «Yes» or «No» «Иә» or «Жоқ». It is evident that in English the general questions are pronounced with rising tone. This feature of intonation is similar to Kazakh one. The function of such kind of questions is to encourage the continuation of the conversation and reaction of the listener.

Intonation of imperative type of sentences:

The kazakh phonetician M. Karaev defines the imperative sentence in the following way: «The imperative sentence is a kind of sentence used to express the demand, the will or the order of the speaker» [3: 163]. e.g. Тезірек үйге қайт! Such sentences sound serous, firm, reserved, often patronizing. Imperative sentence in Kazakh language is pronounced with the falling tone, but in the meaning of order or demand, such sentence has rising tone as the imperative sentence in English language. e.g. Көрсетпе көз жасыңды! Finish this work till tomorrow! Summing up the results of the comparative analysis of intonation of the communicative types of sentences on the basis of English and Kazakh languages we have come to the point that there are a lot of similar features in intonation used in both languages though the specific variations of intonation characteristic of a language prevail. Making a conclusion we may say that intonation commonly expresses the attitudes and emotions of the speaker and the latter uses it to influence the attitudes and the behavior of the listener. Without intonation a statement can often be understood, but the message is tasteless and colourless. Besides it the incorrect use of intonation can lead to embarrassing ambiguities.

2) The present study focuses upon quality of English language learning assessment and evaluation process in the educational system.

Evaluation in teaching English language is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information about teaching and learning in order to make informed decisions that enhance student achievement and the success of educational programs.

Evaluation is a process that includes five basic components:

1) Articulating the purpose of the educational system.

2) Identifying and collecting relevant information.

3) Having ideas that are valuable and useful to learners in their lives and professions.

4) Analyzing and interpreting information for learners.

5) Classroom management or classroom decision making.

In classroom assessment, since teachers themselves develop, administer and analyze the questions, they are more likely to apply the results of the assessment to their own teaching. Therefore, it provides feedback on the effectiveness of instruction and gives students a measure of their progress. As Biggs (1999) maintains, two major functions can be pointed out for classroom assessment: One is to show whether or not the learning has been successful, and the other one is to clarify the expectations of the teachers from the students.

Assessment is a process that includes four basic components:

1) Measuring improvement over time.

2) Motivating students to study.

3) Evaluating the teaching methods.

4) Ranking the students' capabilities in relation to the whole group evaluation.

The purpose of classroom assessment and evaluation is to give students the opportunity to show what they have learned rather than catching them out or to show what they have not learned.

Classroom assessment and evaluation are highly concerned with qualitative judgments that are used to improve students' knowledge and learning. Assessment and evaluation also give teachers useful information about how to improve their teaching methods. Through using appropriate classroom assessment strategies and techniques, teachers can increase their students' motivation and show them how well they have learned the language. Evaluation goes beyond students' achievements and language assessments to consider all aspects of teaching and learning, and to look at how educational decisions can be informed by the results of alternative forms of assessment and evaluation.

Classroom assessment and evaluation concerns: Suitability of general instructional goals and objectives associated with an individual lesson or unit plans; Effectiveness of instructional methods, materials and activities used to attain instructional objectives; Adequacy of professional resources required to deliver instruction.

3) Role-play is a technique that allows students to explore realistic situations by interacting with other people in a managed way in order to develop experience and trial different strategies in a supported environment. Depending on the intention of the activity, participants might be playing a role similar to their own (or their likely one in the future) or could play the opposite part of the conversation or interaction. Both options provide the possibility of significant learning, with the former allowing experience to be gained and the latter encouraging the student to develop an understanding of the situation from the ‘opposite’ point of view.

Participants are given particular roles to play in a conversation or other interaction, such as an email exchange, typical of their discipline. They may be given specific instructions on how to act or what to say, as an aggressive client or patient in denial, for example, or required to act and react in their own way depending on the requirements of the exercise. The participants will then act out the scenario and afterwards there will be reflection and discussion about the interactions, such as alternative ways of dealing with the situation. The scenario can then be acted out again with changes based on the outcome of the reflection and discussion.

Advantages of role playing

• Students immediately apply content in a relevant, real world context.

• Students take on a decision making persona that might let them diverge from the confines of their normal self-imposed limitations or boundaries.

• Students can transcend and think beyond the confines of the classroom setting.

• Students see the relevance of the content for handling real world situations.

• The instructor and students receive immediate feedback with regard to student understanding of the content.

• Students engage in higher order thinking and learn content in a deeper way.

• Instructors can create useful scenarios when setting the parameters of the role play when real scenarios or contexts might not be readily available.

• Typically students claim to remember their role in these scenarios and the ensuing discussion long after the semester ends.