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ТЕМА 4. INFINITIVE.

THE INFINITIVE

Non-finite form of the verb. Answers the question what to do?

Infinitive of transitive verbs has the grammatical category of tense and voice, of intransitive – only tense.

The particle to is not used before Infinitive:

- after modal verbs can, may, must, shall, will, should, would, need, dare: You can speak.

- after expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner (краще б): We had better come back.

- after verbs of perception (to see, to watch, to feel, to hate) and to make, to let:

Let him sleep. I saw the car stop.

To make Infinitive negative particle not should be used:

We know him not to be a good person.

Active

Passive

Indefinite

to do, to write, to come

I am (always) glad to help you.

to be done, to be written

I am (always) glad to be helped you.

Simultaneous with the Predicate

Continuous

to be doing, to be writing / coming

I am glad to be helping you now.

-

Simultaneous with the Predicate

Perfect

to have done, to have written / come

I am glad to have helped you.

to have been done, to have been written

I am glad to have been helped you.

Prior to the Predicate. Is translated with Past tense.

Perfect

Continuous

to have been writing / coming

I am glad to have been helping you since morning.

-

Functions in the Sentence

Subject

To know English is helpful.

То follow him is dangerous.

Знати англійську (знання) корисно.

Супроводжувати його небезпечно.

Part of Predicate

The article is to be written in time.

The point is to achieve the aim.

To do this means to change the whole system.

Our task is to adjust the program to the computer.

We must stay at home.

Стаття має бути написана вчасно.

Головне – досягти мети.

Зробити це – означає змінити всю систему.

Наше завдання – пристосувати програму до цієї обчислювальної машини.

Ми маємо залишитися вдома.

Object

I expect to be given complete information.

Не asked me to wait.

Я розраховую, що мені дадуть (отримаю) повну інформацію.

Він попросив мене почекати.

Attribute

After the first, the second, the last

The problem to be discussed is interesting.

The article to be translated is here.

The work to be done was difficult.

The problem to be solved is extremely difficult.

He was the first (scientist) to study this phenomenon.

She was the first to make the report.

Проблема, яка буде обговорена (яку мають обговорити), цікава.

Стаття, яку треба перекласти, знаходиться тут.

Робота, яку треба було зробити, була важкою.

Проблема, яку треба вирішити, дуже складна.

Він був першим (вченим), хто вивчав це явище.

Adverbial

Modifier

You must study hard (in order) to excel.

This method is not accurate enough to give reliable results.

These details are too important to be neglected.

Hydrogen and oxygen unite to bring about water.

І have come here to meet her.

Ви повинні наполегливо вчитися (аби) досягти успіху.

Цей метод недостатньо точний, аби за його допомогою отримати надійні результати.

Ці деталі надто важливі, щоб ними нехтувати.

Кисень та водень поєднуються утворюючи воду.

Я прийшов сюди, щоб зустрітися з нею.

Parenthesis

to sum up / to summarize

to begin with

to put it another way

to nothing of / not to mention

so to say / speak

that is to say

to put it briefly

to be on the safe side

підсумовуючи

почнемо з того, що

інакше кажучи

не кажучи вже про

сказати б

тобто

коротше кажучи

про всяк випадок

Приклади вправ на граматику:

1. Replace the underlined parts of the sentences with infinitive phrase.

A: He is so busy that he can’t answer your call. He is too busy to answer your call.

1. She is so weak that she can’t go out. He is too weak to go out.

2. They will be so busy that will not meet you at the station. They will be too busy to meet you at the station.

3. This cat is so fat that it can’t catch a mouse. This cat is too fat to catch a mouse.

4. The game was so boring that we didn’t want to play it. The game was too boring to play it.

5. This story was so unbelievable that we didn’t believe him. The story was too unbelievable to believe.

6. The weather is so hot that we will not leave the house. The weather is too hot to leave the house.

7. That bar was so dirty that nobody wanted to eat there. The bar was too dirty to eat there.

8. The water is so cold that I don’t want to swim in the river. The water was too cold to swim there.

9. He is so stupid that can’t learn a single thing. He is too stupid to learn a single thing.

10. She had very little money and she couldn’t buy a dress. She had a very little money to buy a dress.

B: He has a lot of books which he can read. He has a lot of books to read.

1. I would like to offer you the dress which you can buy. I would like to offer you the dress to buy.

2. Have you chosen the project of the house which you will build? Have you chosen the project of the house to build?

3. Is there something which you can show us? Is there something to show us?

4. Here is a man who will do this work. Here is a man to do this work.

5. Could you give me a book which I can read? Could you give me a book to read?

6. Jack’s brought us a new film which we can see. Jack’s brought us a new film to see.

7. They have a lot of work which they must finish in time. They have a lot of work to finish in time.

8. She has less time in which she will tell you everything. She has less time to tell you everything,

9. Here is an interesting physical process which we can study. Here is an interesting physical process to study.

10. Mother bought a lot of fruit which we can eat. Mother bought a lot of fruit to eat.

2. Join the following pairs of sentences using infinitives.

1. She wants to pass the exam. She works hard for that reason. She works hard to pass the exam.

2. He was sensible. He did the right thing. He did the right thing to be sensible.

3. They couldn’t solve the problem. It was too difficult for them. The problem was too difficult for them to solve.

4. The lesson is very long. It can’t be finished today. The lesson was too long to be finished today.

5. The school appointed John. He would teach English. The school appointed John to teach English.

6. I have no interest in politics. I must tell it frankly. To tell it frankly I have no interest in politics.

7. The workers held a meeting. They wanted to select their manager. The workers held a meeting to select their manager.

8. I have torn the book. I am sorry. I’m sorry for the torn book.

9. She collects old stamps. It is her hobby. Her hobby is to collect old stamps.

10. She must obey. She has no choice. She has no choice to not obey.

3. Define the functions of the infinitives.

1. They met to have a good gossip.

2. It was impossible to dissuade him!

3. She was the last to reach the shore.

4. To expect too much is a dangerous thing.

5. Tom was impatient to start.

6. He ought to have supported her.

7. Tell him to keep silence.

8. To occupy her mind she took the job offered.

9. Her granny lived to be 87.

10. I had nothing to do but leave the surgery.

11. I’m glad to be invited to wedding receptions.

12. Lily was too feeble to set off with us.

13. He was determined to sort out the problem.

14. To give is more blessed than to receive.

15. Here is something to warm you up.