2.4 Comparative analysis of using parenthetical words in the English, Kazakh and Russian languages

Parenthetical words are such grammatically non-members suggestions and sentences are not members of words and combinations of words that are often used to express the speaker's attitude to it was suggested as can we see from the performed analysis of the art works of English, Russian and Kazakh writers.

Referring to the meaning of the whole sentence, parenthetical words and combinations of words are more common at the beginning or end of a sentence; if they belong to one of the parts of a sentence or part of a sentence, it is usually located next to them.

Parenthetical words and sentences in the English language are the kind of adverbial (adverbial) nouns that refer to information that is not considered to be significant in the sentence where it came from, but that show the attitude of the speaker or writer to what he says or writes.

For example:

- Unfortunately, we could not manage to get there on time (Unfortunately, we could not get there in time). The word «unfortunately» (unfortunately) shows that the speaker is dissatisfied with the result of the action.

In general, the term "parenthetical remarks" may be used to indicate any element of the sentence that is not fully integrated into the structure. These elements tend to appear at the beginning or end of the structure and ring-fenced from the rest of sentences or comma in writing, or pause in spoken form.

Parenthetical words in the English language are estimates words. In some cases, they help the speaker to assess the degree of truth of a statement (modal words).

For example:

- Maybe (maybe), certainly (of course / course), probably (probably).

In addition, they also express the speaker's assessment of the facts mentioned in the sentence.

For example:

- Actually (indeed), fortunately (fortunately), to my surprise (to my surprise).

Often parenthetical words or parenthetical sentences in the English language are to the speaker himself may comment on the wording of its sentence.

For example:

- Briefly (briefly), in other words (in other words / in other words), to tell you the truth (frankly speaking / to tell the truth).

Even with the help of the parenthetical words of the author with his side can appreciate this or that act.

For example:

- Wisely, he did not spend the money (Wisely, he did not spend the money) - He was wise, do not spend the money.

Examples:

- To tell you the truth, it is nothing to do with her (In truth, it is has nothing to do).

- Honestly, John has had to leave the room (Frankly, John was forced to leave the room).

- Unfortunately, the airplane was late and we could not manage to get to the conference on time (Unfortunately, the plane was late and we could not get to the conference on time).

- Fortunately for us, my car is right here (Fortunately for us, my car is right there).

- In my opinion, the red door is better (in my opinion, better than red door).

- Frankly, Mary, I did not expect it from you (Frankly, Mary, I you did not expect).

Parenthetical words in English, as in the Russian language, serve to link the ideas that follow one another in a written or oral communication with each other. Some of these words also convey attitude of the speaker to the statement. For English language learners studying parenthetical words will be very useful, since their knowledge will help to significantly improve language skills.

Parenthetical words are classified according to the value that they convey in English. These words not only connect ideas, they can also introduce some changes to the message, to demonstrate the contrast or opposition to, the selection or arrangement, purpose, result or conclusion.

Parenthetical words such as 'also', 'likewise', 'in addition' in the English language to help provide additional information to emphasize the idea, expressed agreement with the previous thought.

in the first place	главным образом	then	затем
not only … but also	не только…, но и	equally	в равной степени
as a matter of fact	собственно говоря	identically	однозначно
in like manner	Подобным образом	uniquely	единственным образом
in addition	к тому же	like	как и
coupled with	а также	as	как
in the same fashion / way	таким же образом	too	также
first, second, third	во-первых, во-вторых, в-третьих	moreover	более того
in the light of	в свете	as well as	а также
not to mention	не говоря уже о	together with	наравне с
to say nothing of	не говоря уже о	of course	конечно же
equally important	что немаловажно	likewise	подобно
by the same token	подобным же образом	comparatively	сравнительно
again	снова	correspondingly	соответственно
to	по отношению к	similarly	подобным образом
and	и, также	furthermore	более того
also	также	additionally	в дополнение к этому

These parenthetical words in the English language expresses the idea that there is an evident opposition, or indicates the presence of alternatives, thus creating a contrast.

although this may be true	хотя это может быть правдой	(and) yet	и все-таки
in contrast	в отличие от этого	while	пока
different from	отличный от	albeit	хотя
of course …, but	разумеется, но	besides	кроме того
on the other hand	с другой стороны	as much as	так же много
on the contrary	напротив	even though	даже если
at the same time	в то же время	although	хотя
in spite of	несмотря на	instead	зато
even so / though	даже так/хотя	whereas	в то время, как
be that as it may	вне зависимости от того	despite	несмотря на
then again	однако	conversely	в свою очередь
above all	прежде всего	otherwise	иначе
in reality	на самом деле	however	однако
after all	как-никак	rather	то есть, напротив
but	но	nevertheless	тем не менее
(and) still	и все же	nonetheless	при этом
unlike	в отличие	regardless	несмотря на
or	или	notwithstanding	хотя

Some of these parenthetical words are used in English in order to show that after a certain period of time had some impact or effect was specific.

as a result	как результат	then	тогда
under those circumstances	учитывая обстоятельства	hence	следовательно
in that case	в этом случае	consequently	поэтому
for this reason	по этой причине	therefore	по этой причине
for	поскольку	thereupon	после того, как
thus	таким образом	forthwith	тотчас
because the	потому как	accordingly	исходя из этого

So as in English parenthetical words in Russian language serves as emotional attitude of the speaker to the content of the statements, assessment, additional emotional and expressive shades of meaning. For example: Вронский, к ужасу своему, почувствовал, что он сделал скверное, непростительное движение (L. Tolstoy); В самом деле, ничего съестного в деревне мой кучер не нашел (L. Tolstoy).

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as a function of parenthetical words that anyway in grammatical, lexical, intonation way express the attitude of the speaker to what he says.

Parenthetical words are not members of sentence: grammatically they are not linked to the foundation or with minor sentence. This means that the parenthetical words impossible to ask a question on any part of the sentence.

Try to ask a question to the "controversial" words; if it does not succeed, then maybe the word is an parenthetical (but it should be remembered that the issue can not be set in relation to the official said, for example, unions).

Parenthetical words have a specific meaning: they always express the attitude to reporting or reflect his characteristic, such as an emotional response to a message; intonation underlining, highlighting some of the posts; characteristic imparted in terms of its links and relations; the accuracy or inaccuracy of reporting and so on.

Parenthetical words are often allocated intonation - a pause.

To distinguish parenthetical words from nevvodnogo must thoughtfully, slowly and expressively read the sentence.

  Place of parenthetical words, parenthetical sentences and free combinations in the sentence; they are easily occupy positions at the beginning, end or middle of a sentence, in a freely introduced and withdrawn freely therefrom.

There ambiguous words that can not be parenthetical parenthetical depending on the context and meaning.

Example:  Выходит, ты прав. – Окно выходит во двор.

When two parenthetical words between them by a comma.

Example: Я, наверное, пожалуй, приглашу ее в кино.

Parenthetical words are not separated by a comma from the previous co-ordinative, if this parenthetical word can not be deleted from the sentence (usually in combination with the union "a").

Example: «Вы ничуть не мешаете мне, – возразил он, – извольте себе стрелять, а впрочем, как вам угодно; выстрел ваш остается за вами; я всегда готов к вашим услугам».(Pushkin A.)

In cases where the parenthetical words can be moved or deleted from the sentence, it is separated from the union poin.

Example: Она очень долго страдала после разлуки, но, как известно, время лечит любые раны.

Preface is not normally separated punctuation mark from the union "and" standing in the beginning of the sentence.

Example: И действительно, время излечило ее раны.

In Russian language as in English Parenthetical words can start a segregated structure, such as clarifying the turnover. In this case, the comma after parenthetical words or put (in other words, comma, which was to "close" the parenthetical words, moved to the end of a separate circulation).

 Example: Я увидел, точнее почувствовал, что она ко мне неравнодушна. - I saw, or rather felt that she was indifferent to me.

In addition, the comma is placed before the parenthetical words, located at the end of a separate circulation.

Example: На праздники мы решили куда-нибудь съездить, в Коломну например.

If the parenthetical word stands in the middle of an isolated structure, it stands by commas on a common basis.

In Kazakh language so as in Russian parenthetical words and phrases also make the sentence more emotional. For example, when it comes in the tabs of the sentence, a phrase, be even more attachment structures, and its range is characterized by all pharase. For example, the sentence, parenthetical phrase can be dynamic and decrease in the level of the same design means that it is only due to the addition of the weight of the semantic meaning.

For example: Сол кезде, неге екенін кім білсін, оның жайдан жай жылағысы келеді. (S. Muckanov).

We can meet the parenthetical words in the art works of famous Kazakh writers. As we have alredy mentioned in our research, there are a lot such parenthetical words in the works of Abay Kunanbayev. For exmaple: «Кім біледі, Сен кәпір, Баяңдыдан сендің бе? Әлде айналып, кім білер, Боталы түйе секілді Қорадан шықпай өлдің бе», «Ақынды кісі мен ақылсыз кісінің, менің білуімше, бір белгілі парқын кердім», «Мен білемін, қайтейін. Мұндай асыл тумайды», «...Әзіде білмей ме. Көп сөйлеп созбайын».

As in Russian and Engliosh languages the parenthetical words and phrases in Kazakh language express the opinion of author, the source of infromation and make the sentence emotional.

For example: Бірақ, керегі не, қазір сол Құлынсаз жоқ жер бетінде. Әттең дүние-ай, құлын-тайдай ойнаған балалық жастық шағы өткен ғой, мұның бәрі, әсілі, қай заманда болсын ақылсыз ақымақ пендеге мал бітпейді ғой. Бір сөзбен айтқанда, Тұрар мал баққан көшпелі тірліктің нағыз білгірі болатын. (R. Zhumadilov).

Parenthetical words are separated by other words in sentences. Parenthetical word stand in beginning of the sentence, and separated by comma and then, if you want the center of the two sides, to be here at the end of the front.

Example: Өкінішке орай, Жұмақанның естіп келген хабары расқа шықты. Ағыбай, әсіресе, Ерқанатты ала келгеніне дән риза. Жиені, шынында да бұл ойлағандай, ессіз жігіт емес екен. Білгендердің айтуына қарағанда, екеуі сол күннен бастап араларынан қыл өтпейтін, қатты дос болып кеткен көрінеді. Содан не керек, ұзын сөздің қысқасы, біз апарған жылқымызды тиісті жеріне өткізіп беріп, міндетімізді өтедік те, Саратов маңынан поезға отырып елге қарай бет алдық. (S. Muckanov).

Parenthetical words and phrases in Kazakh language often include the following:

a) Express the different feelings of author: joy, sorrow, repentance, faith, doubt, etc. words: how much of the operation, needless to say, the competition, of course, but, rather: Дүниеде сірә, сендей маған жар жоқ (Abay).

b) Who thought that positive words: that said, they said, it seems to me, in my mind, people say, I think, in my mind: Менің аңғаруымша, сіз тарихқа көп ат салысқан сияқтысыз. (М.Auezov).

c) Order of thought, order (nitiative, key) words: firstly, secondly, first of all, first of all, so, so, in short, finally, etc.

Example: Ең әуелі, жайдақ суға теңгердіңіз...

d) Or, how, therefore, do not have these words and phrases, such as a member, the narrator (the author) as the word is used in connection with a certain feeling of attachment are separated.

Example: Не, бәрің осы баланы мүйіздей бересіңдер? (G. Sylanov).

e) Connection to the words in a sentence syntax are separated by tabs sentences often: Ұмытып барады екем, жуырда елінен Әміржан келіп қалды. (S. Muckanov).

The main idea in a sentence, and the definition of a word, parenthetical sentences or phrases that are used to explain the evidence on both sides of the brackets (the first word is a common noun, small letters). Example: Бірақ менімен Раушанның (Рауза деп бірге оқитын жолдастары атап кеткен көрінеді) оқысында үлкен айырма бар екенін сезгендеймін. (M. Imanzhanov).

Usually in the sentence the parenthetical words that are member, for example, do not put a comma after the word. For example: Көктемде жыл құстарының алды, мысалы қаз бен үйрек, келе бастайды.

The parenthetical words which are similar to what is said in the meaning of the following at the beginning of the sentence and the characters are separated by a comma in the sentence: ал, тіпті, дегенмен, алайда, бірақ, сонымен қатар, сондай-ақ, әсіресе, тек.

Example: Ырғызбай ішінде әсіресе осы Қарашрқыға қызығушылар көп болатын.

Sentence is not related to the members of the syntax, separate sentences to be on both sides of the attachment structures, such as a comma. This structures are often close to the head. The sense of removing them is the presence of the words in the sentence.

Example: Бір топ адам, басы Жомарт болып, егінге қарай беттеді. Газиктің рулін өзі ұстап, қасында Жақып бар, Жомарт келеді. (G. Myustafin).

If the parenthetical phrase, an incomplete structure (omitted any word, recover from the context), instead of a comma is usually put a dash: Makarenko repeatedly stressed that the new pedagogy is based, on the one hand, to the boundless trust in man, and the other - high requirements to it.

If the parenthetical word is after the transfer of homogeneous members and precedes generalized word, before parenthetical words put only a dash (no comma), and after him - a comma: Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in short, all kinds of printed materials lying on his desk in complete disarray. But: The men drank, argued and laughed - in short, the dinner was very cheerful (complex sentence, and a comma before the dash is made by the general rule of separation of parts of a complex sentence).

The same words can be used in an parenthetical (and therefore not of the sentence), then as members offer (often predicates or circumstances):  Вы, верно, переведены сюда из России?  - Вы верно перевели тот отрывок? Syntactic role similar words caused context and clarify its possible by removing the words from the offer: in the first case (without parenthetical words) sentence structure is preserved in the other (not part of the sentence) - often disintegrates.

 However, in some cases, double-digit sentence and said receiving test does not give the desired results: the sentence structure is preserved as when removing the parenthetical words, since the withdrawal of part of the sentence: First of all it is necessary to speak about this ("first") - First of all, whether or not talk specifically about this? (Specify relationship thoughts). Thus the conflict was successfully resolved ("this way") - Thus, the conflict was successfully resolved ("therefore").

Я, видишь, все это уже прошел (parenthetical words) - А бабка Варвара видишь что делает? (Close to the particle).

 In these cases, the words you know, you know, see and like eating with impaired lexical meaning as a result of the fact that they were within the sentence, which must be within the meaning depend on them: Знаешь, что нам за это будет? Видишь, что делает бабка Варвара?

Finally the word is an parenthetical, if it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the sense of "and yet") or gives an estimate of fact, from the point of view of the speaker: And finally, it is always better to fall into the mistake of thinking well; Yes go, finally! In the same meaning "the end", "last", "after all," "As a result," the word finally is parenthetical: We climbed higher and higher, and finally reached the top of the mountain. Often can not verify the above mentioned difference in function words finally adding to it -That particles: the circumstances, it is possible for the most part, and with parenthetical words - No: Finally got to the place overnight (finally made it ...); You can finally seek the advice of a specialist (adding particles -That is not possible).

A similar difference exists between the function and the function of the circumstances of the parenthetical phrase in the end: In the end they took the side of the commander - Actor, in the end, little prepared for such a responsible role.

In all thre languages, however, the word is an parenthetical, if it is standing in the middle or at the end of the offer: See, however, Faith, be careful. In the beginning of the sentence (part of a complex sentence), or as a means of communication homogeneous terms of the word but has a value of adversative Union and is not an parenthetical: We hope never to meet, but met. Exceptions are those cases where the word but in the early sentences matter interjections and on this basis, separated by a comma: However, what a breeze!

Word of course, is used usually in the role of induction, can act as a function of the particle and not to stand by commas: Of course everything will end well! Of course, I met you used if knew hour schashego soon.

 Is an parenthetical word means, if it is synonymous with the words thus, therefore: Sunspots were on the floor, then went over to the counter, on the wall and disappeared altogether; means the sun is already inclined in the afternoon. If the word means close in meaning to "means" or it does not emit any signs: Man means far greater than most people think about it, or, in the position between the subject and predicate expressed by the infinitive form of the verb, requires asking ourselves: Fight means defeat.

The word is an parenthetical, if it is used in the sense of "in general": Similar articles in general, are of interest, but specifically this is hardly suitable for our magazine/ ұқсас бұйымдар, әдетте, қызығушылық бар, бірақ осы біздің журналдың үшін әрең қолайлы болып табылады. In other meaning of the word is not in general parenthetical: he even forbade bonfires. (meaning "always", "very", "under all circumstances"); He even looked eccentric (in the sense of "in all respects"); In general, I like here, and I'll take this room (in the sense of "in general", "as a whole").

The combination of mainly serves as an introduction to the meaning of "the most important": Articles need to be corrected and, mainly, to add fresh material. The value is "primarily", "mainly", "best" combination of the above is not an introduction: It has been successful mainly due to the diligence; I like it mostly for his sincerity.

The combination of at least an parenthetical if there is restrictive and the estimated value of any case, this is not stated. In the same meaning "under any circumstances" is a combination of parenthetical is not: In any case, he will never leave his former pet/ Во всяком случае он никогда не оставит прежнего своего питомца. .

The combination, in turn, are released by commas if it is used at a value close to the line or in the sense of "his part": - And you? - He asked the driver in his turn (that is, when was his turn). In a figurative sense said combination usually stands out: noun suffixes differ magnifying and diminutives, in the group of the latter, in turn, stand diminutive suffixes.

Words and phrases which are not parenthetical and not separated by commas: maybe, just as if, in addition, to top it off, all of a sudden, because, ultimately, that's unlikely, after all, even barely, exclusively, just as if as if, just, besides, meanwhile, probably, on a sentence by the decision by the decision, about, about, though nearly so, just, decisive, though, allegedly, and others.

Occurring in relation to these words and punctuation inconsistency associated with different causes: in some cases affected by the fact that some of these words are so-called modal particles, which can be used as a particle and as the parenthetical words; play a role in other shades of meaning inherent in words and allow them apart; Finally, the possible influence of the old rules or an individual author's punctuation. When two parenthetical words put a comma between them: What kind, perhaps, married, of emotion of the soul.

  If the parenthetical words at the beginning or at the end of a separate circulation, no sign of the turnover is not separated; if the parenthetical word stands in the middle of a separate circulation, it stands on a common basis by commas: And Peter, at least in many ways, a man of very respectable; The child, frightened, apparently, horses, ran to his mother.

 On this basis, the words such as, in particular, mainly other facing first qualifying or connecting traffic, distinguished by commas along with all trafficking, that is after them any signs should be put.

Parenthetical words facing comparative turnover (with the union as), the target turnover (with the union to) and so on, are distinguished by commas as a general rule:  Все это мне показалось странным, впрочем, как и другим; Студент на минуту задумался, вероятно, чтобы точнее сформулировать свой ответ. / All this struck me as odd, however, as the other; The student thought for a moment, perhaps to better formulate your answer/ Барлық осы басқа да, алайда, тақ мені таң; Студент, мүмкін жақсы жауап тұжырымдау, бір сәт ойладым.

        Parenthetical words are separated from the previous co-ordinative if parenthetical words can be omitted or relocate to another place offers without violating its structure (usually it happens when unions and and but); if the removal or rearrangement of the parenthetical words are not possible, then a comma after the union is not put (typically a union): Терентий пробавлялся мелкой слесарной работой; но, во-первых, работы было мало, и, во-вторых, много времени отнимали неотложные дела;Несчастье нисколько его не изменило, а напротив, он стал еще крепче и энергичнее/ Terence make do fine locksmith work; but, first, work was scarce, and, secondly, a lot of time was taken urgent business; Misfortune does it not change, but on the contrary, it has become even stronger and more energetic. But if the removal or rearrangement of the parenthetical words are possible, then put a comma after union because it is not associated with an parenthetical word, that is not formed welded type coupling and hence, as however, and therefore so dale: Not a year, and may be Ten years lived Ivan G. per night (through the union and contrasted two homogeneous terms, and parenthetical words not connected with the union). Compare also: Good or bad, but for me, do what you want (Union and associated with the combination for me). - A dog is not a kennel, and, it seems, is hiding (the union and is not associated with parenthetical words seems).

After connecting union (at the beginning of self-supply) usually do not put a comma: And, in fact, heard voices downstairs; But in addition, to clarify and other details of the case. Compare different punctuation: However, it seems wrong solution to the problem (I think - parenthetical words) - However, it seems that the solution is wrong (I think - the main sentence).

Less frequently (at intonational emphasizing parenthetical words, with their inclusion in the text by subordinative) after connecting union, standing in the beginning of a sentence, a comma is placed before the parenthetical structure: Но, к великой моей досаде, Швабрин, обыкновенно снисходительный, решительно объявил, что песня моя нехороша. / But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually indulgent, emphatically declared that my song not good.

Generally, the parenthetical words in Russian, English and Kazakh language are a very capacious concept. This variety of structures that are not necessarily something is introduced. Indeed, the default location of the parenthetical words beginning of the sentence, but it is not a strict rule. All parenthetical words in Russian, Kazakh and English are separated from the rest of the sentence when standing at the beginning or segregate when placed in the middle of a sentence.

енді өзіңнің зерттеуің керек. үш тілдегі әдеби кітап ал 100 -200 бет, ішінен қыстырма сөздері бар сөйлемдерді көшіріп жаз. сосын есепте нешеуі қандай.

Conclusion on the practical part.......