1.2 Semantic ,structural and grammatical position of parenthetical words in the three languages

Parenthetical words are called, grammatically unrelated to the sentence, not members of sentence and expressing attitude of the speaker to have suggested a way to characterize its design, etc. Parenthetical words inherent intonation of parenthesis expressed in lowered voices and pronouncing them faster as compared to the rest of the sentence.

Parenthetical words can refer to all sentence as a whole, or its individual members. Attitude of the speaker to the content of the statements, assessment, additional emotional and expressive shades of meaning is expressed not only by single words but also phrases of parenthesis.

Parenthetical words and combinations are divided into several categories by its expressing of the value:

1. large group of parenthetical words and phrases with a modal value expressing the degree of reliability assessment of speaker reported (confidence, suggestion, doubt, uncertainty, etc.): конечно - of course – әрине, несомненно – certainly - әлбетте, безусловно – surely – сөзсіз, бесспорно – beyond doubt - даусыз, очевидно – evidently – сірә, без всякого сомнения - beyond a shadow of a doubt - ешбір күдіксіз, вероятно - likely - мүмкін, по всей вероятности – much more likely - ықтимал, по сути дела - in fact - шынында, разумеется – obviously - әлбетте, само собой разумеется – it goes without saying - өзінен-өзі белгілі, может быть - may be - мүмкін, должно быть –must be – болу керек , наверное – perhaps - бәлкім, пожалуй – rather - абзалы, по-видимому – seems – eceбі, действительно – really - рас and others.

2. The evaluation of the facts reported in terms of their usually expressed parenthetical words such as: бывает - happens to be – болды, случается - as usual- болу мүмкін, как водится - as always - әдетегідей, как всегда - as usual – әр дайын, по обыкновению – routinely - әдеттігіші, по обычаю – according to tradition - әдеттінші and others.

3. Emotional estimates of reporting are given by parenthetical words and phrases that express by the speaker's feelings (happiness, pleasure, sorrow, surprise, anger, etc.): к счастью – fortunately - бақытына, к радости – to the joy - қуанышына, к удовольствию - to the delight - сүйсінына, к сожалению – unfortunately - қынжылуна, к несчастью – unluckily - қырсық шалғанда, к удивлению – surprisingly - таңқалдырған, к изумлению - to surprise, к огорчению - to sorrow - ренжітына, странное дело - strange to say, неровен час - never know what kind – қалай боларын кім білсін, как нарочно – as ill luck would have it – өші бардай-ақ and others.

4. The connection of thoughts, presentation of sequence indicated by such parenthetical words and phrases as: во-первых – firstly - біріншіден, во-вторых – secondly – екіншіден, с одной стороны - on the one hand – бір жағынанқарағанда, с другой стороны - on the other hand – басқа жақтан, наконец – finally – одан кейін, наоборот - on the contrary - жоқ, напротив - in contrast- қайта, однако – however - дегенмен, в общем - in general – жалпы алғында, в частности – specifically – сондай-ақ, кстати - by the way- айтпақшы, кстати сказать – incidentally – орынды жерінде айту, итак – so - сонымен, следовательно - consequently – солай болған соң, значит –so - яғни, кроме того – then – бұдан басқа, например – like - мәселен, таким образом –so then - осылайша etc.

5. Many of parenthetical words and phrases indicate the techniques and methods of design ideas for expressive character remarks: словом – in a word – қысқасы, одним словом – in short – сөзбен, короче говоря – be brief - қысқасың айтқанда, вообще говоря - generally speaking – жалпы айтқанда, иначе говоря - in other words – басқаша айтқанда, так сказать - so to speak – былай айтқанда, другими словами - in other words - басқаша айтқанда, лучше сказать - better to say – шынын айтқанда, грубо выражаясь - roughly speaking – өрескіл айтқанда, мягко выражаясь - to put it mildly – жұқалап айтқанда, по правде говоря - by truth be told – анығын айтқанда, между нами говоря - between you and me – өзара айтқанда, смешно сказать - it's ridiculous to say – қызықты айтқанда, сказать по совести - say in good conscience - ұятын айтқанда and others.

6. A number of words and phrases indicating source of said: по словам - according to – сөздер бойынша, по сообщению – reportedly - хабарлар бойынша, по мнению - according to the opinion - пікірімше, по слухам – rumored - естіу бойынша, по сведениям – to the knowledge – мәліметтер бойынша, по-моему - in my opinion – меніңше, по-твоему – in your opinion – сеніңше, дескать – say – дегендей, мол – alleging that - айтады, с точки зрения - from the point of of view, как известно – as it known –жұрқа мәлім and others.

7. A special group of parenthetical words and phrases, converts to the other party or to the reader to draw his attention to reporting, to inspire a certain attitude to present the facts: видишь (ли), видите (ли), понимаешь (ли), понимаете (ли), пойми, поймите, вообразите себе, извините, простите, пожалуйста, сделайте милость, помнишь (ли), помните (ли), помилуйте, послушайте, согласитесь, заметьте себе, позвольте / тыңдау, өкінішті игілігі үшін, сіз білесіз (ма) (егер бар болса) түсіну (лар) түсіну, түсіну, елестету, кешіріңіз, кешіріңіз, мейірімділікті орындаңыз (лар) есте, кстеріңізге сала кетейік (лар) қараңыз (лар) қараңыз келісемін, сізге қарсы, мені және басқа да рұқсат етіңіздер.

see (s), see (whether) you know (if) understand (s) , understand, understand, imagine, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, please do mercy, remember (s), recall (s), for pity's sake, listen, see, mind you, let me and others.

Parenthetical words may indicate that assessment measures, as reported (at most, at the very least, at least, and the like), as well as have other values ​​that express the speaker's attitude to the idea voiced by them.

As an parenthetical words are used or designated for this purpose the words (however, they say, please, so, consequently, etc.), or words of different parts of speech in cases of expression of the above values ​​(the vast number of parenthetical words).

Nevertheless parenthetical words not being syntactically associated with the sentence in some cases perform a constructive role and are necessary for the structure of the sentence. For example: It will take a platoon or maybe company. In these cases, the function parenthetical words similar to the function of unions (separation, adversative, connecting et al.).

So, repeating the parenthetical word "may" (maybe, perhaps) serves to express the separation relations. For example: I do not know where the bones of Opanas are buried: may, under a bush willow, maybe the churchyard (comparison; whether ... whether).

Parenthetical words "but, however, in contrast," etc. adversative serve to express relations. For example: The weather was windy, the wind, however, was not quite fair (comparison; and the wind ... and the wind is ...).

Parenthetical word "it is true" can act as a concessive union. For example: It is true that his dinner consisted of two or three dishes, prepared by a retired soldier, but the champagne flowed like a river.

According to the morphological expression of his parenthetical words in his vast majority relate to the nouns or verbs or adverbs[7,55].

1. Parenthetical words of the type name can be expressed:

a) nouns (without excuse or pretext), for example: truth, in short, without a doubt, fortunately, unfortunately, according to tradition;

b) adjectives (substantivized), for example: in general, among other things, the most important thing;

c) pronouns (in combination with a preposition), for example, in addition, on the contrary.

2. Parenthetical word of adverbial type correlative with adverbs such as: likely, probably, no doubt, rather, in short, by the way, finally.

3. Parenthetical words expressed by verbal type:

a) the personal form of the verb, for example: You see, imagine, think, believe, speak, talk (parenthetical design of this type are on the verge between the parenthetical words, and an parenthetical sentence, as words like "believe, believe" can be considered as one-piece definitely - Personal suggestions and words like talk, talk - as mononuclear vaguely-personal suggestions)[14,254];

b) infinitives or infinitive combinations, for example: see, I confess, by the way, to tell the truth;

c) gerunds (combined with an adverb or a noun), for example: more precisely, to put it mildly, in truth, in all fairness.

The expression inherent to the parenthetical words and phrases can be expressed by the full sentences which retain intonation features parenthetical designs.

In its structure, the parenthetical sentence could be:

1) two-part sentences.

2) one-member (often vaguely-personal or impersonal).

Parenthetical structures can be attached to the main motion or without the help of unions, or with the help of unions (the union of words).

Parenthetical words and combinations of words are not related to the structure of sentence, which is reflected in the intonation. Parenthetical structures pronounced at an accelerated rate, the lower the tone and characterized by weak accent. This is particularly evident when comparing the words in the sentence is projecting as parenthetical , the role of the sentence. As parenthetical words may be:

1) words or combinations of words that have lost touch with those words and combinations, from which they were formed: apparently, of course, first of all, uneven hour (colloquial.), Strictly speaking, a sinful deed (colloquial.), And therefore etc / по-видимому, конечно, во-первых, неровен час (разг.), собственно говоря, грешным делом (разг.), стало быть и др. / шамасы, әрине, ең алдымен, бір ауызекі (біледі ешқашан), қатаң, күнәкар іс (ауызекі) айтқанда, cондықтан;

2) words and combinations of words that are correlative with those or other parts of speech: it is known to be, tell you a secret, however, of the form (simple.) May know, so to speak, no doubt, happened / известно, должно быть, сказать по секрету, правда, видать (прост.), возможно, знаете, так сказать, бесспорно, случалось/ түрінде, қарапайым, алайда, Сізге құпияны айтып, былайша айтқанда, ешқандай күмән білу мүмкін, болды;

Syntactic role of parenthetical words is specified by their value and concept. Often, you can check it out by removing words from the sentence or moving it. In one case (without parenthetical words) sentence structure remains the same: The weather will be good. In another (not part of the sentence) - often breaks: Seeing ... in good weather[19,221].

It also happens that the sentence can be interpreted two ways, and then take the admission test does not give the desired results: the structure is maintained as in the introduction, withdrawal, and during the withdrawal of the sentence. Our author, for example, once faced with the problem of selecting one of the two sentences for his story:

Finally the weather is nice. After all - after bad weather and after waiting - came fine days.

"We built and built, and finally built!" The sentences were very similar. The last thing our experienced author - Compatibility adverbs and particles -That finally turned out that add -That and get finally could easily and without changing the meaning of the sentence. Our author remembered: this technique helps to identify exactly adverbs.

Finally, came the good weather.

In the second case finally was not associated with the verb "to come", and refers to some other idea about the weather and its place in a number of other events. General background were apparently thoughts about rest and that possessed him: "I passed all the exams at the university, he took on the job without pay. Finally, came the good weather. Now, really, and you can rest. " Over the last word guessed reference to another, the final argument in favor of well-deserved rest, and therefore, it was not easy, and parenthetical[34,52].

If the parenthetical word is next to the coordinative conjunctions, standing in the beginning of the sentence and the use of value in the connection, the comma between them and the parenthetical word are not usually placed, for example:

-И действительно, не стоило этого делать; И пожалуй, нужно было поступить как-то иначе; И наконец, действие пьесы упорядочено и разделено на акты, которые делятся на сцены; Да кроме того, выяснились и другие обстоятельства; Но конечно, всё закончилось благополучно - In fact, do not have to do that; And perhaps it was necessary to do otherwise; Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts, which are divided into scenes; Yes Also, find out, and other circumstances; But of course, all ended well.

There is different punctuation: However, it seems wrong solution to the problem (I think - parenthetical word). - However, it seems that the solution of the erroneous (I think - a member of the main clause).

Less frequently (at intonational emphasizing of parenthetical words, with their inclusion in the text by subordinative) after connecting union, standing in the beginning of a sentence, a comma is placed before the parenthetical design, for example: - Но, к великой моей досаде, Швабрин, обыкновенно снисходительный, решительно объявил, что песня моя нехороша / But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually indulgent, emphatically declared that song of mine is bad (Pushkin); And, as usual, remembering only one good [31,75].

If the parenthetical phrase, an incomplete structure (omitted any word, recover from the context), instead of a comma is usually made a dash is a fairly strong sign of division, which in this case has a dual role, separating parenthetical design from the main part of the sentence and replacing missing word: in this case the effect may depend, on the one hand, on the condition of the patient, and on the other - on the degree of confidence in the doctor.

If the parenthetical word is after the transfer of homogeneous members and precedes generalized word, before parenthetical remarks put only a dash (no comma), and after him - a comma, for example:

- Многие разумеют у нас еще под словом «литература» повести, романы, стихи – словом, беллетристику /Many people understand they have even the word "literature", novels, poems - in short , fiction (Goncharov). Но: Мужчины пили, спорили и хохотали, — словом, ужин был чрезвычайно весе - But: The men drank, argued and laughed - in short, the dinner was very cheerful (Pushkin); The both sentences sophisticated, and a comma before the dash is made by the general rule of separation of parts of a complex sentence.

If the parenthetical word is inside (in the middle) of any detached structures, it stands on a common basis by commas.

Certainly. He behaved like a decent person certainly (adverb meaning 'completely, absolutely'). Of course, he knows our plans (parenthetical remarks, indicating a high degree of confidence in the speaker reported. Wed. no doubt).

Finally. In the end he came (eventually = finally, the sentence is a circumstance of time, so the comma is not allocated) - You are, after all, quite careful (in the end does not indicate the time, and the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a number of arguments; syntactic connection with the rest of the sentence is not here, so in the end - the parenthetical phrase and point (comma) stands out. Wed finally).

Anyway. In any case, it may be used within the meaning of the adverb (= no matter what, under any circumstances, in any case): I like you anyway write; as well as in the colloquial meaning of the particle (= but still): Let it not very clever, at least charming. In journalism and speaking this phrase is used both as an introduction; Wed .: It is, in any case, did not expect this turn of events (Wed at least).

However. In its meaning and the grammatical nature of the combination at the same time synonymous however, and, like however, can act as the role of the union (if there is a beginning of a sentence), join sentences that contain addition to the findings above, usually with a hint of opposition - and in this role is not allocated by commas: However, knowledge about the mechanisms of action of radiation are still incomplete, as well as an parenthetical word (if standing in the middle of a sentence) can not exclude, however, the various strands of this reaction.

In general, actually. I do not like ice cream (do = not at all; in fact sentence a degree, so the point is not allocated) - Actually, I do not like ice cream (all = general; syntactical connection with the rest of the sentence is not here, so in general - an parenthetical word and comma (comma) is released). The word actually is parenthetical ; Wed .: We, in fact, always take into account the scientific evidence about the weather, however, and do not forget about the signs.

Basically. Most often serves as an adverb meaning 'in general, the main' (the end of the day, these issues have been addressed mainly), but may be set to the design value of the parenthetical 'usually' (respectively, no communication with the grammar of the sentence): Basically, it's moths, but representatives of some families can meet during the day.

Basically. The combination can in principle be used as part of the sentence (circumstances or additions), and colloquially sometimes as parenthetical combinations. Wed: All a matter of principle (addition), you basically rights (circumstance, in principle = mostly in general), in principle, should not have to do it (parenthetical remarks, Wed generally speaking). Discern and parenthetical adverbial constructions are not always easy, but we must bear in mind that the parenthetical word is not part of a sentence (in the last example, it is impossible to ask him a question from a predicate like, how?), And most often located at the beginning (and sometimes end) sentences in isolation from the word to which it could be treated as fact[3,44].

However. Word but can play a role as an parenthetical words (and then released by commas) and adversative Union (which is not allocated by commas). Union but is the beginning of sentences (or paranasal part) and used

1) to connect words and parts of a compound sentence, and indicates that the reported information they eliminate the finality and categorical information reported in the previous section and therefore limits its (This year the institute he entered, but he still ahead );

2) to connect words and parts of a compound sentence, and indicates that the positive in any respect, the information referred to Union shall be limited to the negative, which is reported after (Roman interesting, though not in all parts).

Preface however expressed hesitation, hesitation, doubt (Here you smile. And yet, maybe I say and not what we need).

In turn. May be important parenthetical design, suggest a link thoughts, the sequence of their presentation (all set for understanding the author), and in this case should be allocated a comma; Wed .: necessary to reduce banking risks in the repayment of the loan. This, in turn, will reduce interest rates on loans population.

The phrase can also act as an adverbial sense (= in response, for its part, points to the reality and the actual sequence of events, actions, and so on. N.), A member of the sentences and commas are not allocated; Wed .: Increase in the cost of gasoline, in turn, lead to higher prices for consumer goods.

In general. Is an parenthetical combination if reports about a certain result, which leads the author of the text; Wed .: In general, the results of observations allow us to conclude ... (overall mean: Speaking generally, taking into account the whole everything, as mentioned earlier). However, in general, can be a regular member of the sentences that are closely associated in meaning with the other members; Wed .: lobby for the interests not only of individual participants and the market as a whole; like some of the rooms, and indeed, the entire program as a whole.

In particular. Parenthetical combination in particular is used to indicate a person, object, phenomenon, and so the concept. N., Which illustrate something in common by the selection underscores a party to this general act as a specific example, shows the character discusses a number of similar objects ; Wed .: Many modern writers (particularly Zalygin, Rasputin, and others) joined the struggle for environmental protection[15, 78].

Indeed. Adverb really matters 'in reality, really, truly': father-daughter came to himself, which really was not well (in the example permutation of the word impossible); All this is perfectly true, and I really such; It was felt that the girl is really sad

Parenthetical really relates to the parenthetical words with a modal value expressing the degree of reliability evaluation of the speaker reported (confidence suggestion, doubt, uncertainty, and so on. N.): Of course, of course, of course, no doubt, obviously, without a doubt, probably, in all probability in fact, of course, needless to say, maybe should be, probably, perhaps, apparently, really, and others. For example: In fact, somewhere in the distance came the sound of many wings (Bulgakov); Indeed, the human soul - darkness. The sentence He really talented scientist may be expressed that same value at which the combination is an parenthetical (speaking shows that his statement is indisputable). This is confirmed by the possible permutations of words in a sentence: In fact, he is a talented scientist; He is, indeed, a talented scientist. On the other hand, if a scientist is talented in fact, in reality, and this is known to many, there's really no need to allocate a comma, because it acts as an adverb[27, 64].

Naturally. Depending on the context, the word that appears as part of the sentence, the role of induction. Avg. pairwise given sentence: Group naturally aspires to the role of the elite (of course used in syntactic function circumstances, expressed an adverb meaning 'natural way'). - A group of naturally aspires to the role of the elite (of course used as an parenthetical word meaning 'of course').

Of course. If the word is used as an parenthetical , then it expresses the degree of reliability assessment of speaking and imparted his confidence in this: He's right, of course (= needless to say, no doubt, of course - parenthetical remarks). Sometimes the word of course, pronounced tone of certainty and conviction, becomes important affirmative particles and punctuation is not allocated, for example: Of course the truth !; Of course this is not true; Of course, I would have come if I had been warned in advance. Wed .: - Do you agree? - Only in principle, of course (= course). - But basically you agree? - In principle, of course (= yes). Avg. of course also in the role of particles: - Do you like music? - Of course.

Maybe (probably for sure). This word can be an adverb meaning 'exactly is undoubtedly true', although its use is considered obsolete (I know this probably), and the parenthetical word meaning 'probably seems likely' (I guess I still going).

At first sight. If the combination at first glance, expresses the author's estimates are reported, and it is in this case relevant to the credibility to speak out and to a certain sequence in the perception of the speaker or in the presentation of judgments, it is parenthetical and requires the allocation of commas: At first glance, he is a man cultural. However, it can also act as a fact - under the terms of the context (which first of all the semantics of the verb that can carry such a circumstance): He's already at first glance seemed a man thorough.

In fact. May actually be a combination of adverbial meaning 'in reality; as it is' (All you have now told, was in fact). It can also act as an parenthetical phrase indicating, as a rule, to the requirement of the speaker, disagree with some of the addressee: Do not joke you so, in fact, because you can get scared! What are you, in fact, for me to go and all go? In such cases, according to linguists, preferably parenthetical phrase indeed.

Undoubtedly. Word certainly can act as an adverb meaning 'undeniably obvious': She certainly good artistic data. As an introduction, it indicates a high degree of confidence in the author's what he said: You are undoubtedly right in its decision. This word appears as a particle, expresses confidence confirmation: - Did you ever come back? - Sure.

However. However, it may play a completely different grammatical roles. Standing in the beginning of the sentence but performs the function of adversative Union (= but) and therefore places the sentence can not be separated. But if it turns out however, in the middle or end of a sentence, it begins to play the role of introduction, and therefore stands by commas. To complete the picture, we can add that in rare cases, however, the word is used as an interjection and then also released a comma, like any other interjection: However, what a breeze! (Chekhov).

By and large. In dictionaries of modern Russian literary language combination largely recorded only in the adverbial meaning 'based on the most stringent requirements' (ask at large). But in the example This was largely the collapse of the Soviets as a representative government is the expression can be interpreted as a fact and as an parenthetical word. Emphasize the use of design in the long run as an parenthetical can change the order of words in a sentence: By and large, it was the collapse of the Soviets as a representative government[27, 45].

Truly. Can truly act as adverbs and be a member of the sentences related to the meaning of other words. Avg. in combination with the word important task: Truly the most important task - to write a text ...; here expressed meaning: genuine, real, real important task is .... Truly can have a value parenthetical words; In this case, if the author sums up the preceding discussion: Verily, the most important task - to write a text (Wed with parenthetical words really, really).

At least. Expression of at least may be a combination of adverbial meaning 'not less than, at the very least as a minimum': At least a hundred Pay; parenthetical words expressing reasonable assurance about the reliability of the above (= anyway): I, at least, has never failed; particle, emphasizing latent opposition: I did not cheat his friends, at least for you.

In addition (addition) of (all other things). Such combinations are most often it is the role of induction, indicating the connection of thought and consistency of their presentation: In addition, I do not want to talk to you. However, the combination may be in addition to and part of a composite Union in addition to that, linking sentences, the second of which complements the first and is represented as containing greater information: Apart from the fact that he does not do anything, even to me to bring a claim.

Primarily. First of all you need to see a specialist (especially = first; in the sentence is the fact of time, so the decimal point is not allocated) - First of all, it is quite capable man (primarily = firstly, t. E. Is' necessary to speak about it in the first place '; syntactic relation to the rest of the sentence is not here, so first of all - a combination of parenthetical and point (comma) is released).

Rather. Can act as an adverb meaning 'better willingly' (She would rather have died than betray him), and as an parenthetical word expressing the author's estimates the degree of reliability of the statements in relation to the previous (It is not a clever man - rather, it is currently on mind). Word soon in such cases can be replaced by a combination of words, or more likely (Rather, I linger). In many editions of the popular handbook DE Rosenthal also notes that the word rather than allocated by commas within the meaning of 'better to say' Pavel Petrovich paced slowly up and down the dining room ... uttering some remark or rather exclamation, such as "a! Hey! ahem! (Turgenev). Our own observations show that in such cases the word rather syntactically associated with only one of the parts of the sentence must be regarded as a modal particle (Wed with the particle at all: It is generally a fool).

Consequently. Hence can be an parenthetical word meaning 'so, so, so' and as allocated by commas (For you, therefore, our neighbors). It may be a union, join the subordinate clause with the value of the investigation, the reasons for the action of the main clause, as well as containing the basis for the main action (= so, therefore, based on the fact that); I found a job, so the money we will have more; You are angry, so you're wrong; You can not bake a cake, so I baked it.

Accidentally in a sentence you happen to come across my paper? is an parenthetical word meaning 'the way, the way' (usually used in negative sentences), and therefore it should be made by commas. Avg. with adjectives and adverbs in other sentences: This assumption is no accident and he saw it by chance.

On the one hand on the other hand. Difficulty in distinguishing adverbial combinations and parenthetical phrases associated with frequent cause: lack of understanding of their values. In the first case we are talking about circulation, characterized by the features of the real situation or event, such as describing the features of some areas; Garden fenced on one side stumps, on the other fence. In the second case, the parenthetical expressions are used to help the author to point out the opposition of judgments, opinions, positions; On the one hand, the interest in periodicals falls and people read less and less, on the other - there are new editions.

Conclusion on theoretical part.....