19. Terminology and terminography.

Source – presentation

Term - a word or a word combination of a special (technical, scientific) language used for definition of specific objects and concepts.

Terminology, the sum total of terms for a specific branch of science, technology, industry, etc., forming a special layer in the word-stock of a language.

Origins of the terms:

1) The use of combining forms from Latin and Greek like aerodrome, cyclotron, microfilm, telegraph, supersonic.

2) Borrowing from another terminological system within the same language whenever there is any affinity between the respective fields. Thus, sea terminology lent words to aviation vocabulary, which gave a start for space terminology. Also, in linguistics many terms are borrowed from rhetoric: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche etc

Dictionaries for the most part include these terminological meanings in the semantic structure of the head-word. The fact that one of the meanings is terminological is signalled by showing in brackets the field where it can be used.

The development of terminology is the most complete reflection of the history of science, culture and industry.

Medical vocabulary:

• Intervertebral disc (межпозвоночный диск)

• Ampulla (ампула)

Music vocabulary:

• Diatonic modulation (диатоническая модуляция)

• Three-four meter (размер три четверти)

Economics vocabulary:

• Securities market (рынок ценных бумаг)

• Stock exchange (фондовая биржа)

1. The problem of passing terms into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields

The problems in the field of terminology:

1. The problem of passing terms into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields:

E. g. Medical terms unit (доза лекарственного препарата), theatre (операционная) are no longer medical terms as they are in common usage.

2. Polysemy

Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding, and that is a serious shortcoming in professional communication. Yet there are numerous polysemantic terms.

There is no impenetrable wall between terminology and the general language system;

Terminologies obey the same rules and laws as other vocabulary strata;

Exchange between terminological systems and the common vocabulary is quite normal

20. Denotative and connotative meaning.

Denotative and connotative meanings – если смотреть, что у Антрушиной по этому поводу сказано

Lexical meaning includes two components: denotational and connotational.

The leading semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually termed denotative component. Denotation-the expression of the main meaning

Connotation-supplementary meaning, is added to the word`s main meaning

	Denotative components	Connotative components
lonely, adj. ===>	alone, without + company	melancholy, sad Emotive connotation
celebrated, adj. ===>	widely known +	for special achievement in science, art, etc. Evaluative connotation, positive
to glance, v. ===>	to look +	briefly, passingly Connotation of duration

x Types of Connotations

1. The connotation of intensity can be traced in such groups of synonyms as

to surprise - to astonish - to amaze - to astound;

to like - to admire - to love - to adore - to worship.

2. A connotation of duration

to flash (brief) - to blaze (lasting); to say (brief) - to speak, to talk (lasting).

3. The synonyms to stare - to glare - to gaze are differentiated from the other words of the group by emotive connotations, and from each other by the nature of the emotion they imply.

4. The evaluative (оценочный) connotation well-known - famous - notorious - celebrated, the adjective notorious bears a negative evaluative connotation and celebrated a positive one.

Cf.: a notorious murderer, robber, swindler, coward, lady-killer, flirt, but a celebrated scholar, artist, singer,

5. The causative connotation can be illustrated by the examples to sparkle and to glitter given above: one's eyes sparkle with positive emotions and glitter with negative emotions. However, this connotation of to sparkle and to glitter seems to appear only in the model "Eyes + Sparkle/Glitter". The causative connotation is also typical of the verbs we have already mentioned, to shiver and to shudder, in whose semantic structures the cause of the act or process of trembling is encoded: to shiver with cold, from a chill, because of the frost; to shudder with fear, horror, etc. To blush and to redden represent similar cases: people mostly blush from modesty, shame or embarrassment, but usually redden from anger or indignation. Emotive connotation can easily be traced in both these verbs.

; 9. Stylistic connotations.

Stylistic connotations are subject to further classification, namely: colloquial, slang, dialect, learned, poetic, terminological, archaic.

(Meal). Snack, bite (coll.), snap (dial.), repast, refreshment, feast (formal).

(To leave). To be off, to clear out (coll.), to beat it, to hoof it, to take the air (sl.), to depart, to retire, to withdraw (formal).