- •1. The development of polysemy. Meaning and context.
- •3) Collocationally or colligationally conditioned
- •4) Phraseologically bound (idioms)
- •2. Pecularities of American English
- •3. The influence of American English on the development of the language
- •4. Semantic variation. Homonyms as the limit of semantic variation.
- •5. Set phrases and language creativity
- •6. The concept and definition of meaning in linguistic tradition. Meaning and use.
- •7. The history of language lexicography. Dictionary entry.
- •8. Word as the main unite of the language and speech.
- •9. Neologisms and occasional words
- •9. Neologisms and occasional words.
- •10. Semantic changes. Extension and narrow of meaning.
- •11. Applied lexicology. Types of dictionaries.
- •12. Different types of vocabulary grouping. Источник- учебник некой Гинзбург, я хз кто это
- •13. Word building. Productive models
- •14. Synonymy in language and speech. Synonymic condensation
- •15. Word building. Non productive models
- •16. Ways to enlarge the word stock of modern English
- •17. Idioms. Idioms proper and their stylistic peculiarities. Deformation of idioms.
- •18. Metaphor and its role in the development of semantic structure of a word.
- •19. Terminology and terminography.
- •20. Denotative and connotative meaning.
- •21. Hybrids. Etymological doublets. International words and false friends
- •22. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics
- •23. The influence of extra-linguistic phenomena on the development of vocabulary.
- •24. Semantic analysis of words.
- •25. Conversion as the productive way of word building.
- •26. Language security.
- •24 Official languages:
- •In mass-media discourse – 30%
11. Applied lexicology. Types of dictionaries.
Source-presentation
Applied lexicology- covering terminology and lexicography, translation, linguodidactics and pragmatics of speech.
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which concerns itself with the study of vocabulary of a language.
Lexicography is a systematic description of a lexis of a given language as registered in dictionaries.
Dictionary is a book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage.
All dictionaries are divided into linguistic and encyclopedic.
Ladislav Zgusta in his Manual of Lexicography proposes the following criteria to classify dictionaries.
Diachronic (which are primarily concerned with the history of a language and the development of words in the course of time)
Synchronic (which deal with language vocabulary at one stage of its development).
From the point of view of language coverage
General (include all kinds of unabridged, semi-abridged and abridged dictionaries, depending on the amount of lexical items registered in the dictionary)
Restricted (the information can be confined to a given type of variety of words)
Restricted
Dictionaries of:
Dialects
Synonyms
Idioms
Specialized vocabularies
Professional terminologies
Represented languages
Unilingual (monolingual)
Bilingual (in recent works the term interlingual is often more used)
More specialized editions
A Dictionary of Cliches by Eric Partridge;
Adrian Room’s Dictionary of Confusing Words and Meanings.
A dictionary distinguishes between neutral and stylistically coloured (emotive) vocabulary and uses a special set of labels indicating the stylistic values of words: archaic, colloquial, dated, euphemisms, slang, formal, literary, jocular etc. They are crucial for the functioning of lexical items, such as
die and kick the bucket,
marry and join in holy matrimony
The learner`s dictionaries
The learner`s dictionaries imply a certain degree of selection and intervention in presenting and interpreting raw language data for the benefit of language learners. They select that part of language vocabulary which “is judged to be value to its users” (Rundell, 1986)
Characteristic features proper to all contemporary learner’s dictionaries
1. Careful control over the language of definitions (to make it easier for learners to identify and recognize the word’s meaning)
2. The provision of information on the Grammar of words (starting with Hornby’s dictionary, it is now a feature of any good learner’s dictionary)
3. Greater attention to lexical collocation: the learner’s dictionary should supply information about the contexts and environments in which words tend to appear most regularly.
4. The development of strategies for aiding appropriate word choice (through usage notes, synonym sets or information about pragmatics)