Human Anatomy пособие

8.The main function of thrombocytes is to cause coagulation.

9.Erythrocytes are stuffed with the hemoglobin.

10.The blood is a fluid of bright red color in the arteries, and of dark red color in the veins.

10.Переведите с русского на английский язык.

1.Человеческая кровь - разновидность соединительной ткани.

2.Кровь - это сложная субстанция, состоящая из основного вещества –

плазмы и мелких частиц - элементов крови.

1.Кровь содержит следующие элементы: эритроциты, лейкоциты тромбоциты.

2.Эритроциты - красные кровяные тельца двояковогнутой формы.

5.Благодаря эритроцитам кровь имеет красный цвет.

6.Артериальная кровь - ярко красная, а венозная кровь - темно красная.

8.Место зарождения лейкоцитов - красный костный мозг и лимфатическая ткань.

9.Эритроциты разрушаются в кровяном русле.

10.Лимфатическая ткань селезенки разрушает эритроциты.

11.Функция тромбоцитов - вызывать свертывание.

12.В норме количество тромбоцитов от 200000 до 400000 в одном кубическом миллиметре.

11. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы.

1.What is blood?

2.What is the color of blood in arteries and veins?

3.What does blood consist of?

4.What is the function of erythrocytes?

5.What is carried by hemoglobin?

6.What is the normal number of red cells in male adults and in females?

7.What do the red cells in adults arise from?

8.Why do the red and white cells differ in their outer structure?

9.What is the function of leucocytes?

10.How do leucocytes move?

11.What does the variety of the total number of leucocytes depend on?

12.What disease is caused by a decrease in the number of leucocytes?

13.What disease is caused by an increase in the number of leucocytes?

14.What do the blood platelets liberate?

15.When does a wound bleed?

16.How long does the blood coagulate in hemophilia?

Text B: Blood circulation.

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1.Прочитайте и переведите текст, используя Vocabulary List and Word Combinations.

During the life blood flows continually along the blood vessels carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body, giving every cell the substances necessary for its life and receiving back from it the products of its activity or waste.

The blood passes three different circuits: the gastrointestinal hepatic circuit, the small pulmonary circuit and the large or systemic circuit. The heart regulates the rate at which the blood circulates and gives direction to the blood flow.

The blood flows along two systems of vessels: arterial consisting of the aorta, arteries, and arterioles and venous, consisting of the venules, veins and venae cavae: inferior and superior. The capillary network is inserted between the arterial and venous systems in their turn consisting of the arterial and venous parts.

We speak of venous blood and of arterial blood.

Venous blood carries carbon dioxide. Arterial blood carries oxygen and chemical constituents necessary to the life of cells.

The venous blood reaches the heart via the two veins, venae cavae. From there the blood enters the right ventricle. The contractions of this chamber push the venous blood into the pulmonary artery and it flows through the vascular system to the lungs. There, in the capillaries, the blood gives off carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen. Via the four pulmonary veins, the blood finally reaches the left auricle of the heart. We call this circuit the small or pulmonary circuit.

The blood from the left auricle enters the left ventricle and then the big artery, the aorta, leads off from the heart. From there the arterial blood streams to all the peripheral parts of the body, to all the inner organs. It streams through smaller and smaller arteries and arterioles into a capillary network. The arterial part of the capillaries goes over into a venous part and from there the blood streams through venules and veins into the two big veins, venae cavae. We call the peripheral circulation and the circulation of the inner organs with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas and the spleen, the large systemic circuit.

The arterial blood reaches the gastro-intestinal tract, pancreas and spleen from the venous part of the capillaries, venules, veins and portal veins. The arterial blood comes to the liver from the aorta via the liver artery, the hepatic artery. We call this system gastro-intestinal hepatic circuit.

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1. The blood passes three different circuits: the gastrointestinal hepatic circuit, the small pulmonary circuit and the large systemic circuit.

2.The heart regulates the rate at which the blood circulates and gives direction to the blood flow.

3.The blood flows along the blood vessels.

4.The system of circulation is composed by the arterial and venous parts of the vessels.

5.The blood reaches the heart via two venae cavae.

6.The vessel, which leads off the heart, is called aorta.

7.The blood supplies all the inner organs and tissues with oxygen and chemical constituents.

6.Переведите на английский язык.

1.Кровь циркулирует по трем кругам: легочному, системному и желудочно- кишечному.

2.В человеческом теле имеется две системы сосудов: артериальная и венозная.

3.Капиллярная сеть тоже состоит из венозной и артериальной частей.

4.В легкие кровь поступает по четырем легочным артериям.

5.По этим артериям течет венозная кровь, богатая двуокисью углерода и бедная кислородом.

6.Артериальная кровь, насыщена кислородом и бедна двуокисью углерода.

7.Венозная кровь получает в легких кислород и отдает углекислый газ.

8.Процесс газообмена происходит в капиллярах легких.

9.Левый желудочек сердца выталкивает кровь в аорту, которая делится на более мелкие артерии и артериолы, переходя в капиллярную сеть.

10.В капиллярах тканей и органов происходит газообмен.

11.Кровь отдает кислород и химические вещества тканям и поглащает углекислый газ.

12.По двум полым венам кровь входит в правое предсердие, затем в желудочек и направляется в легочный круг.

7.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1.What does the blood flow along during the life?

2.What does the blood carry to the tissues?

3.When does the blood receive back from every cell the products of its activity?

4.What circuits does the blood pass?

5.What regulates the rate of blood circulation?

6.What systems of vessels does the blood flow along?

7.Where is the capillary network inserted?

8.What blood carries oxygen to cells?

9.What is venous blood?

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10.Where does the contraction of the right ventricle push the venous blood?

11.Where does the systemic circuit begin?

12.What system is called a gastro-intestinal circuit?

Text C: Circulatory system

Grammar: Present Participle.

1. Прочтите слова, объясните по каким правилам, читаются выделенные буквы и буквосочетания. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Force, channel, return, those, side, three, artery, diameter, left, thorax, diaphragm, plane, border, convey.

Vocabulary List

circulatory – кровеносный

collecting channels – собирательные канальцы to convey – передавать, проводить

to furnish – снабжать, обеспечивать, давать tube – труба, трубка

2. Образуйте Present Participle от следующих глаголов и переведите их:

То convey, to furnish, to return, to supply, to term, to collect, to divide, to know, to call, to unite, to be, to open, to begin.

3.Прочтите предложения и определите функцию Present Participle. Переведите их на русский язык.

1.The collecting tubes are the venae cavae.

2.The student describing the circulatory system is my friend.

6.Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Circulatory system

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The heart furnishes the driving force for the blood. In the normal circulatory system the channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries, and those which return it to the heart are veins. The central supply tube is termed the aorta and the central collecting tubes - the venae cavae. The arteries divide into smaller tubes which are known as arterioles and these divide into still finer tubules which are called capillaries. On the other side of this network of fine tubules lie the smaller collecting channels or venules. The latter finally unite into veins and these unite into the venae cavae.

Accordingly, the entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins. It must be said that any vessel which conveys the blood away from the heart is known as an artery and any vessel which returns the blood to this organ as a vein. The decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow and not the character of the blood. Thus, it is a well known fact that the pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs, while the pulmonary vein carries the arterial blood from these organs to the heart.

7.Составьте вопросы, ответами на которые являются приведенные ниже предложения.

1.The channels which convey the blood away from the heart are arteries.

2.The central supply tube is termed the aorta.

3.No, the smaller collecting channels finally unite into veins.

4.The entire circulatory system may be divided into three parts: into arteries, capillaries and veins.

5.Yes, the decisive factor in this terminology is the direction of the blood flow.

6.The pulmonary artery conveys venous blood to the lungs.

7.Найдите в предложениях причастия и определите их формы и функции. Прочтите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Giving a large number of illustrations, a doctor provided a basis for discussion.

2.The method used helped the doctor to make a correct diagnosis.

3.The portal vein enters the liver dividing into two branches there.

4.The capillaries of the hepatic artery joining those of the portal vein mix the blood of one system with the blood of the other system.

5.The aorta formed by series of vessels is divided into three parts – the arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta.

6.The blood conveyed away from the heart through the veins to the right atrium is called venous.

9.Просмотрите текст и найдите в нем предложения, содержащие причастия. Переведите их на русский язык.

Aorta

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The aorta is the main trunk of the series of vessels which convey the oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, where it is about 3 cm. in diameter, and after ascending for a short distance, arches backwards and to the left, over the root of the left lung; it then descends within the thorax on the left side of the vertebral column, gradually inclining towards the median plane, and enters the abdominal cavity through the aortic opening, in the diaphragm. Considerably diminished in size, it ends a little to the left of the median plane, at the level of the lower border of the fourth lumbar vertebra, by dividing into the right and left common iliac arteries. For convenience it is described in several portions, viz., the ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, and the descending aorta. The latter is divided into the descending thoracic and abdominal aortae.

Vocabulary List border – граница, край

descending aorta – нисходящая аорта ascending aorta – восходящая аорта considerably – значительно

10.Закончите предложения, используя слова, приведенные ниже.

1.The aorta conveys the... blood to the tissues of the body.

2.The aorta begins at the upper part of the left ....

3.The aorta arches over the ...of the left lung.

4.The aorta ... the abdominal cavity through the aortic opening.

5. ... is the largest artery of the body.

6. The aorta ... into two common iliac arteries.

11.Переведите предложения на английский язык.

3.Аорта — это самая большая артерия тела.

4.Абдоминальная аорта, идущая от уровня двенадцатого дорсального к четвертому поясничному позвонку, делится на две артерии.

5.Грудная аорта проходит через аортное отверстие диафрагмы.

6.Аорта делится на три части - дугу, грудную и абдоминальную аорт.

12.Выполните письменный перевод текста, используя словарь.

STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

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Arteries. The arteries are a series of vessels carrying blood from the heart to the capillaries. The caliber of the arteries decreases gradually when followed toward the capillaries. The largest arteries, the aorta and the pulmonary artery, have a lumen about 25 mm. (1 inch) in diameter and the smallest arteries about 0.3 mm. in diameter, or smaller.

Three layers can be distinguished in the walls of every artery: (1) the inner coat, tunica intima, (2) the intermediate coat or tunica media and (3) the external coat or tunica adventitia.

The tunica intima is composed of a layer of endothelial cells and a conspicuous band of elastic tissue. In the larger vessels there is a fine network of connective tissue between the endothelial and elastic layers.

The intermediate coat or tunica media consists mainly of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. Smooth muscle tissue predominates in the small arteries and elastic tissue in the large arteries, such as the aorta.

The tunica adventitia is made up of collagenous and elastic fibers in loose arrangement. In small and medium-sized arteries the tunica adventitia is as thick as, and sometimes thicker than, the media but in arteries of large size the external coat is very thin.

Veins. The veins comprise a system of vessels which collect the blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart. The structure of veins resembles that of the arteries and usually the three layers, intima, media and adventitia can be distinguished. The veins, however, have thinner walls than the arteries and they are less elastic. This is due to the poorly developed middle layer which is very thin and contains very little smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Some veins are equipped with valves. They appear as semilunar pockets on the inner surface of the vein and are placed with their free edges in the direction of the blood flow, so that flow toward the heart is not impeded but flow away is prevented. Valves are more numerous in the veins of the lower extremities.

Capillaries. The capillaries lie between the terminal branches of the arteries and the beginning of the veins. There the blood bed is tremendously expanded, each small artery branching into a number of capillaries which interlace to form an intricate network.

The capillaries are extremely fine thin tubes, the walls consisting of a single layer of flat endothelial cells. The diameter of the capillaries in various parts of the body varies slightly but is closely related to the size of the red blood corpuscle, averaging about 8 microns. When viewed through the microscope, the red blood cells shine through the transparent walls of the capillary and usually they are seen passing in single file.

The capillaries are the functional units of the circulatory system. It is through their walls that exchanges take place between the blood and tissues. The blood flows along rapidly in the arteries and veins but when it reaches the capillary areas, where it flows into many tubes of small caliber, it is greatly slowed down and the stream passes leisurely through the network of vessels. This gives time for the exchange of materials to occur.

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13.Используя текст «STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS», составьте устные сообщения по темам:

-Arteries

-Veins

-Capillaries.

Text: Heart

Grammar: Infinitive.

1. Прочтите слова из текста «Heart». Скажите, по каким правилам в них читаются ударные гласные и сочетание гласных.

Hollow, organ, valve, function, chest, side, reach, border, margin, rib, surface, faced, main, circular, each, sixty, nerve, need, poisoned, human, air, hour, entire.

2.Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую контексту видовременную форму действительного или страдательного залога. Составьте вопрос к выделенным частям предложений.

1.The heart (to be located) between the lungs.

2.The heart (to be) a muscular organ.

3.The heart (to be divided) into four cavities: the right auricle and ventricle, left auricle and ventricle.

4.Ventricles (to form) the lower and larger cavities of the heart.

5.Auricles (to comprise) the two upper chambers of the heart.

6.The inner surface of the heart (to cover) by the endocardium.

3.Прочтите предложения и укажите форму и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The valves help to maintain the pressure necessary for the circulation.

2.It is important to point out the clinical aspects of the case under discussion.

3.To prevent heart disease is the main task.

4.To understand the origin of the illness is a desire of every doctor.

5.The management of cardiovascular problems can be the key to preventive medicine.

6.Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important to study.

7.A doctor listens to a patient's heart to determine and diagnose any heart failure.

8.This book deserves to be on the shelf of a practicing cardiologist.

9.The method is too complicated to use.

10.He wants to deal with this problem himself.

11.Ann was the last to present her papers.

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4.Прочтите предложения и определите время глагола.

1.Coronary patients are established to be at increased risk of cardiac mortality.

2.Circulatory disorders will increase.

3.Additional studies will be required to clarify the origin of this disease.

4.Certain precautions were not justified.

5.The results proved a satisfactory condition of the patient.

6. Only clinicians examine patients with coronary heart disease.

Vocabulary List

atrium (pl. atria) – предсердие

auricle – ушная раковина, ушко предсердия (to) beat – пульс, биться (о сердце)

broad – широкий

endocardium – эндокард, внутренняя оболочка сердца epicardium – эпикард, наружная оболочка сердца

to extend – увеличивать, распространять(ся), простираться to lubricate – смазывать

to maintain – поддерживать, содержать outlet – выпускное или выходное отверстие to prevent – предупреждать, предотвращать smooth – гладкий, однородный

sound – звук, тон stomach – желудок valve – клапан

vagus (pl. vagi) - блуждающий нерв

5.Прочтите текст. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие Infinitive and Passive Voice.

Heart

Heart is a hollow muscular organ with four cavities; each provided at its outlet with a valve, whose function is to maintain the circulation of the blood. The two upper cavities are known as atria or auricles, the two lower ones as ventricles (ventriculus, a little stomach).

The heart lies in the chest between the two lungs, but projecting more to the left side than to the right. On the left side its apex reaches out almost to the nipple; and lies beneath the fifth rib, while its right border extends only a short distance, at most an inch, beyond the margin of the breast-bone. Its lower border rests upon the diaphragm by which it is separated from the liver and stomach. Above, the heart extends to the level of the second rib, where the great vessels, the aorta on the right side and the

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