V. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations which suit best. Then make up three questions of different types to the text.

The wall of the eye is composed of __three__ (1) layers. The outermost is a protective layer, __the sclera__ (2), which extends over the front of the eye as the transparent cornea. The middle layer is a vascular one, which consists of the choroid, the __ciliary body__ (3), and the iris. The iris controls the size of the ____pupil__ (4). The retina is the innermost layer and the actual visual receptor. Proper vision requires the ___refraction___ (5) (bending) of light rays as they pass through the structures of the eye to focus on a specific point on the retina. The eye is protected by a bony socket or __orbit__ (6), the eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes and tears. Many people have vision problems because their eyes do not focus perfectly.

___myopia______ (7) is a condition when the retina is too far from the front of the eye.

The pancreas is a small L-shaped organ which sits against the duodenum behind the __stomach____ (1). It is quite small, at around 15 mm long.

The pancreatic ___ducts____ (2) runs along the middle of the pancreas and empties into the duodenum. It supplies pancreatic enzymes, also called pancreatic juices, which aid in the __digestion___ (3) process. This is described as the exocrine function of the pancreas, “exo” meaning “out of”.

Pancreatic juices flow out of the pancreas through the pancreatic duct. The pancreatic duct is joined by the common ___bile___ (4) duct before emptying into the __duodenum_____ (5). The pancreas also has an endocrine function, “endo” meaning “within”. This is the release of __hormone____ (6) within the bloodstream. There are four main types of hormone produced in the hormone-producing cells of the __pancreas____ (7) – the islets of Langerhans (islet cells).

The pancreas has an endocrine function, “endo” meaning “within”. This is the release of hormone within the bloodstream. There are four main types of _hormone____ (1) produced in the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas – the islets of Langerhans (islet cells). One of the four cell types – beta cells – produce __insulin___ (2).

The function of insulin is to lower the __blood__ (3) sugar level. Beta cells make up almost eighty per cent of all islet cells. Alpha cells make up almost twenty per cent, and these release glucagon, whichraises the level of glucose in the _blood__ (4). This is the opposite function to insulin. The level of ___glucose___ (5) in the blood is called either blood sugar level (BSL) or blood glucose level (BGL). Insulin stimulates cells in the body to use or store the glucose produced from the __metabolis____ (6) of carbohydrates in food. Glucose is used in the body as an__energy____ (7) source.

A sense organ is any collection of cells which serve to receive sensory information from the environment. The sensory organs - eyes, ears, tongue, __skin___ (1) and nose - help to protect the body. Each sense organ contains different receptors. _mechanical___ (2) receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs, muscles, and joints. _chemical___ (3) receptors include chemoreceptors found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors found in the __eye___ (4), and __cochlea___ (5) found in the ears and the _vestibulum____ (6). Changes in the surrounding are called ______ (7). For example, our ears detect stimuli when we hear something.

An allergy is a condition caused by an excessive reaction of _immune system_____ (1) to substances. Substances that cause allergies are called __allergens____ (2). The most common natural allergens are dust and pollen, animal _dander____ (3), drugs and foods. Many people develop symptoms like those of the common cold such as _watery___ (4) eyes and nose, sneezing and slight rise in temperature. This is commonly called _hay fever___ (5) . In very rare cases, an allergy can lead to a severe allergic reaction called __anaphylactic shock_____.(6), which can be fatal. Treatment might consist of giving drugs either to reduce the symptoms or ___supress___ (7) the reaction.

The ear has the receptors for both hearing and __equilibrium____ (1). The outer ear is called the _auricle___ (2) (or pinna). Sound moves through the pinna into the external auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum (membrane). Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones (_ossicles__) (3) in the middle portion of the ear to vibrate, and the vibrations are conducted to the nearby _cochlea______ (4). It transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The fluid-filled _semicircular____ (5) canals attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the _brain____ (6). The__eustachian___ (7) (auditory) tube drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat.

The human body’s nervous system is divided into two parts: __central____ (1) nervous system, consisting of the brain and __spinal cord_____ (2), and the __peripheral_______ (3) nervous system, consisting of the cranial nerves and the _spinal____.(4) nerves. The nervous system is subdivided into the somatic nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles, and __autonomic____.(4) nervous system, which controls the “automatic”, or __involuntary__ (5) movements of the body’s smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. The basic functioning of the nervous system depends a lot on tiny cells called _neurons__ (6). It is the basic functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is __vulnerable__ (7) to various disorders.

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs that work together __to defend_ (1) the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders, called __antigens____ (2). When a disease-causing microorganism enters your body, your immune system makes a defence, producing proteins called __antibodies___ (3) to fight off antigens. Immunity is the specific __resistance____ (4) to disease and all of the cells and tissues involved with the production of immunity are sometimes considered to be part of the immune system. Your body can become ___immune____ (5) to bacteria in two ways: by getting a disease (_natural_ (6) immunity) and trough vaccines (__artificial____ (7) immunity).

Diabetes mellitus is the most common _endocrine__ (1) disorder that is marked by elevated blood glucose. A large portion of the food that we eat is _converted__(2) converted by the body into glucose. The blood delivers glucose throughout the body, but the hormone ___insulin___ (3) is needed in order for it to be transported into most cells. Insulin comes from the __pancreas_____(4). If it does not make sufficient insulin or cells are __resistant___ (5) to its activity of promoting glucose uptake, the blood glucose level becomes elevated. The WHO recognizes three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and _gestational__(6) diabetes (or type 3), occurring during _pregnancy______ (7).

Allergy is characterised by a local or systemic inflammatory response to _allergen______ (1). Local symptoms are those affecting different parts of the body:

Nose: swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic _rhinitis___(2))

___Eye_____ (3): redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic __conjuctivitis____ (4))

Airways: bronchoconstriction, __wheezing_____ (5) and dyspnoea, sometimes attacks of asthma

Ears: feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube drainage.

Skin: various rashes, such as eczema, hives (urticaria) and contact dermatitis.

Systemic allergic response is also called __anaphylaxis______ (6) shock. Depending on the rate of severity, it can cause cutaneous reactions, bronchoconstriction, oedema, hypotension, coma and/or even _death____ (7).

Vision needs to have the work of both the __eye_____ (1) and the brain to process any information. The majority of the stimuli are done in the eyes and then the information is sent to the ___brain______ (2) by the way of nerve impulses. At least one-third of the information of what the eye sees is processed in the __occipital___ (3) cortex of the brain.

Pathway for vision includes __retina_______ (4), anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior chamber, _retina______ (5), optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, brain, thalamus, brain __cortex____ (6), and occipital lobe.

Thalamus does reflex, brain stem does visual impulses for controlling head movement associated with tracking, controlling, stimulation and movements of both eyes, and occipital lobe does interpretation of the environment such as color, __range____ (7), and shape.

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.It usually last around 40 weeks from the last _fertilization__ (1) (LMP) and ends in childbirth. This is about 38 weeks after _?????_____ (2). An__embryo____ (3) is the developing offspring during the first 8 weeks following conception after which the term __fetus_____ (4) is used until birth. Symptom of early pregnancy may include a missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and __vomit___ (5), hunger, and frequent urination. Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters. The first trimester carries the highest risk of __abortion____ (6) (natural death of embryo or fetus). Around the middle of the second trimester movement of the fetus may be felt. At 28 weeks more than 90% of babies can survive outside of the _uterus____ (7) (the womb) if provided high quality medical care.

The placenta is an organ attached to the lining of the___uterus______ (1) during pregnancy.

The placenta is linked to a baby by the ___umbilical cord______ (2). A baby is inside a bag of fluid called the amniotic sac, which is made of membranes. __oxygen____ (3) and nutrients pass from mother’s blood supply into the placenta. From there, the umbilical cord carries the oxygen and nutrients to a fetus. Waste products from the baby, such as _carbon dioxide____ (4), pass back along the umbilical cord to the __umbilical vein____ (5) and then into mother’s bloodstream, for her body to dispose of them.

The placenta produces hormones that help a baby to grow and develop. The placenta also gives some protection against infection. It protects your baby against most _diseases(infections)__ (6). However, it does not protect your baby against viruses. __Alcohol____ (7), nicotine and other drugs can also cross the placenta and can cause damage to your unborn baby.