14. Describe Webtechnologies

The World Wide Web provides a new paradigm in computer networking for human communication which had an impact on the delivery of information and continues to stand in rapid developments. 

Important trends used to develop new Web Technology and services such as Ubiquity, Dynamic content, Reliance on open standards and open source.  The word Web Technology represents a discontinuity in the way applications are connected. Using the Web Technology as the basis for an application brings substantial advantages to the adopter.

This paper focuses on 2 tier architecture and mainly on the 3 tier architecture which is the present web technology. This paper will also review the client-side scripting and the server-side scripting.

Web technology is the establishment and use of mechanisms that make it possible for different computers to communicate and share resources. Web technologies are infrastructural building blocks of any effective computer network: Local Area Network (LAN), Metroplitan Area Network (MAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), such as the Internet. Communication on a computer could never be as effective as they are without the plethora of web technologies in existence.

15) Describe Cloudcomputing

«Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction».

Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services),which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in either privately owned, or third-party data centers that may be located far from the user–ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over an electricity network.

Cloud computing shares characteristics with:

• Client–server model

• Computer bureau

• Grid computing

• Fog computing

• Dew computing

• Mainframe computer

• Utility computing

• Peer-to-peer

• Green computing

• Cloud sandbox

16. Give definition to Main terms of Smart of technology

Smart systems incorporate functions of sensing, actuation, and control in order to describe and analyze a situation, and make decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby performing smart actions. In most cases the “smartness” of the system can be attributed to autonomous operation based on closed loop control, energy efficiency, and networking capabilities.

A lotofsmartsystemsevolvedfrom microsystems. Theycombinetechnologiesandcomponentsfrommicrosystemstechnology (miniaturizedelectric, mechanical, optical, and fluidic devices) withotherdisciplineslikebiology, chemistry, nanoscience, orcognitivesciences.

There are three generations of smart systems:

• First-generation smart systems: object recognition devices, driver status monitoring, and multifunctional devices for minimally invasive surgery

• Second-generation smart systems: active miniaturized artificial organs like cochlear implants or artificial pancreas, advanced energy management systems, and environmental sensor networks

• Third-generation smart systems: combine technical “intelligence” and cognitive functions so that they can provide an interface between the virtual and the physical world

Challenges

A major challenge in smart systems technology is the integration of a multitude of diverse components, developed and produced in very different technologies and materials. Focus is on the design and manufacturing of completely new marketable products and services for specialized applications (e.g., in medical technologies), and for mass market applications (e.g., in the automotive industries).

In an industrial context, and when emphasizing the combination of components with the aim of merging their functional and technical abilities into an interoperable system, the term "smart systems integration" is used. This term reflects the industrial requirement and particular challenge of integrating different technologies, component sizes, and materials into one system.

The systems approach calls for integrated design and manufacturing and has to bring together interdisciplinary technological approaches and solutions (converging technologies). Manufacturing companies as well as research institutes therefore face challenges in terms of specialized technological knowhow, skilled labor, design tools, and equipment needed for the research, design and manufacturing of integrated smart systems.