10. Some General Principles of Grammar Teaching and How to Use them?

Teaching grammar should be based upon the following principles:

1. Conscious approach to the teaching of grammar. This means that in sentence patterns teaching points are determined so that pupils can concentrate their attention on some elements of the pattern to be able to use them as orienting points when speaking or writing the target language. For example, / can see a book. I can see many books. The man asked for your telephone number. The man was asked for your telephone number.

The teacher draws pupils' attention to the new element in the sentence pattern. The teaching point may be presented in the form of a rule, a very short one. It is usually done in the mother tongue. For example: Пори, что во множествен­ном числе' к существительному прибавляется окончание -s [s, z] или -es [iz]. Or: Помни, что в отрицательных предло­жениях ставится вспомогательный глагол do not (does not). The rule helps the learner to understand and to assimilate the structural meaning of the elements. It ensures a conscious approach to learning. This approach provides favourable conditions for the speedy development of correct and more flexible language use. However it does not mean that the teacher should ask pupils to say this or that rule. Rules do not ensure the mastery of the language. They only help to attain the practical goal. If a pupil can recognize and employ correctly the forms that are appropriate, that is sufficient.

11. Teaching Aids. The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of equipment available in the classroom. There are many aids available these days like, audio, visual and audio- visual aids. They have very much importance in TLP (Teaching Learning Process)

Meaning of Teaching Aids. As we all know that today's age is the age of science and technology. The teaching learning programmes have also been affected by it. The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of equipment available in the classroom.

Need of Teaching Aids

1) Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different teaching aids. 2) Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste and smell properly. 3) Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking. 4) The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students. 5) Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students. 6) Teaching aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make learning permanent. 7) Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students.

Types of Teaching Aids. There are many aids available these days. We may classify these aids as follows- Visual Aids Audio Aids Audio - Visual Aids 1) Visual Aids The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the commonest ones. 2) Audio Aids The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids. For example :- radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc. 3) Audio - Visual Aids The aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing are called Audio- Visual aids. For example:- television, film projector, film strips etc.

12. Teaching English to Children in a Primary School. Aims of Teaching. Content of Teaching. Children in a primary school have some excellent quality's. For example, good memory and imitative that very help to learn a foreign languages. Three months ago I was in some elementary school and I can tell that in this school the English language start to teach from the first class. After two years children already have basic proficiencies. They know words, can to write, read and tell poems.

The primary teacher needs to acquire a sound knowledge of:

• The sound system of the language – accurate pronunciation/intonation

• The alphabet and the numbers

• Personal language – yourself, your family, where you live

• Descriptive language – people, animals, clothes, houses, town, weather, food and drink

• Classroom language - daily routine, greetings, instructions, teacher language for organising pupil activities, pupil language for asking for permission, for help, for solving problems

• Language needed to play games; to teach children poems, songs, tongue-twisters;

to tell and act out with the children simple popular stories in the foreign language.

Children will want to learn English and other new languages for several reasons, like the ability to perform better in school, increase in self-confidence and understanding the world and its cultures.

Creative Activities

Children should realize that by learning to speak English, they are increasing their ability to perform other creative activities. Because learning second languages helps children to exercise and strengthen the faculties of the brain, they often become better at other creative activities. Even things like math and sports will become simpler because students will be increasing their usage of the brain's gray matter, which helps to process information and to improve sensory perception and memory.

Reading

Books can be educational and entertaining for children. Picture books can be helpful for children to learn new English words through association with an illustration they recognize. Seeing English words in context or with illustrations can be helpful to recognize the many English homonyms that are often difficult for those learning the language.

Using Internet

Use animated stories to help you teach. The bright colors and careful pronunciation of English-language animated films and television shows captures children's attention, while making it easy for them to understand. These shows are created for children who are learning English as their native language, but they also are a great way to work on language acquisition for non-native English speakers. Start out with children's shows such as Dora the Explorer, which is available online, and progress to longer, more complex stories such as animated Disney movies. Use the Internet as a resource. The internet has many sites created to help children learn English through games, songs and other activities. This will allow the child to acquire grammar and vocabulary skills, as well as important and valuable computer skills.

I want to finish with the words of William Arthur Ward “ The mediocre teacher tells.  The good teacher explains.  The superior teacher demonstrates.  The great teacher inspires.”