«Шетел тілін оқыту әдістемесі»

1. Aims of flt in Secondary School.

What are the aims of FLT? Aims of teaching are determined by the requirements of secondary school syllabus to the final level of knowledge, skills and habits the pupils are to acquire (to get, to assimilate) as a result of learning a foreign language (FL) at school. Aims of FLT are influenced by the tasks of all-round development of a personality and up-bringing of children as well as by requirements of the syllabus of a certain type of school.Aims of FLT are also determined by the following conditions:

the type of schools (special schools)

specific character of the subject taught

social interest

personal needs of people 

There are 4 aims of FLT: Practical, Educational, Cultural, Developmental, Practical aim

The idea Practical aim is to provide a sufficient level of knowledge, speech habits and skills (in Speaking, Reading, Writing, Listening) as well as some experience of independent work so that to enable school leavers to go on with their studies on their own.

According to the syllabus, practical command of a FL is specified in 2 aspects:

to teach a FL as a means of communication within the limits of the situations determined by the syllabus

to read plain texts without a dictionary and more difficult ones – with the help of a dictionary.

Cultural aim. Cultural aim makes a substantial contribution to:

expanding pupils’ linguistic outlook, as they get acquainted with some phenomena which are not typical of their mother-tongue (e.g. tenses, articles etc.)

improving the pupils’ communicative abilities

widening the pupils’ communicative vision of the world, as it makes them acquainted with the life, customs and traditions of the people whose language they study

developing the pupils’ intellect, their voluntary and involuntary memory, imaginative abilities, logical thinking, etc.

Cultural aims are realized within the process of achieving practical aims.

Educational aim. Educational aim promotes formation of such features of character as diligence and abilities for independent work, persistence, concentration and inquisitiveness.

Educational aims are also realized within the process of achieving practical aims and presuppose to contribute to:

all-round development of a personality

widening the pupils’ outlook

moral education

Educational aims can be achieved by means of:

selection of language material

correct organization and conduction of a FL lesson and effective combination of its main components

choice of visual aids

teacher’s manners and appearance

teaching pupils to work independently

Developmental aim. The main idea of Developmental aim is to teach a learner:

to develop his creativity, intellectual and cognitive abilities

to develop different types of memory (visual/audio, short/long-termed, voluntary/involuntary) and attention

to develop the mechanisms of anticipation, prediction, etc.

to develop the abilities to start, to go on and to finish their communication.

Developmental aims are achieved by means of different problem-solving tasks, guessing games, etc.

Aims are the first and most important consider in any teaching.

Hence the teacher should know exactly what his pupils are expected to achieve in learning his subject, what changes he can bring about in his pupils at the end of the course, at the end of the year, term, month, week and each particular lesson, i.e., he should know the aims and objects in foreign language teaching in schools.

The terms “aims” and “objectives” are clearly distinguished in accordance with the suggestion given by R.Roberts. Here is what he writes: “The term “aims” be reserved for long term goals such as provide the justification or reason for teaching second languages... the term “objectives” be used only for short-term goals (immediate lesson goal), such as may reasonably be achieved in a classroom lesson or sequence of lessons”.

The changes the teacher must bring about in his pupils may be threefold:

practical – pupils acquire habits and skills in using a foreign language.

educational – they develop their mental abilities and intelligence in the process of learning the foreign language;

cultural – pupils extend their knowledge of the world in which they live. Therefore there are three aims, at least, which should be achieved in foreign language teaching: practical, educational, cultural.

Practical aims:

In modern society language in used in 2 ways: directly or orally, and indirectly or in written form. Thus we distinguishoral language and written language. Direct communication implies a speaker and hearer/listener, indirect communication implies a writer and a reader. Hence, the practical aims in teaching a foreign language are 4 (four) in number: listening, speaking, writing and reading.

When adopting the practical aims for a secondary school course the following factors are usually taken into consideration: the economic and political condition of society, the requirements of the state; the general goals of secondary school education; the nature of the subject and the conditions for instruction.

Educational aims:

Learning a second language is of great educational value. Through a new language we can gain an insight into the way in which words express thoughts and so achieve greater clarity and precision in our own communications.

Since languageis connected with thinking through foreign language study we can develop the pupil’s intellect. Teaching a foreign language helps the teacher develop the pupils’ voluntary and involuntary memory, his imaginative abilities and will power. Indeed, in learning a new language the pupil should memorize words, idioms, sentence patterns, structures and keep them in long term memory ready to be used whenever he needs them in auding, speaking, reading and writing.