NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES (I)

TEXT

Active Vocabulary to Text A

stroke [strouk] — инсульт

transient ['traenzrant] — временный, транзиторный brain [brein] — мозг

to burst [ba:st] — разрываться, лопаться clot [klot] — сгусток (крови), тромб to clot — свертываться

to account for [э 'kaunt] — отвечать за, нести ответственность за,объяснять

sudden ["sAdn] — внезапный

acute |Vkju:t] — острый

alteration [o:lta' reifn] — изменение, перестройка disturbance [dis' tarbans] — нарушение, расстройство

warning [wo:nnj] — 1. предостережение; 2. предвещающий (симптом) predictor [pri'dikta] — показатель, прогностический фактор to last [la:st] — продолжаться, длиться average [ 'asvaridsJ — средний; среднее (число) to resolve [ri'zolv] — рассасываться

to disappear [^disa'pia] — исчезать, проходить neck [nek] — шея

buildup ['ЫЫлр] — отложение; накопление

to realize [ 'rialaiz] — понимать

obesity [ou 'biisxti] — ожирение

brisk [brisk] — быстрый; бодрый

male [meil] — мужской

BEFORE READING THE TEXT AND DOING EXERCISES

Look through Text A and

1) find sentences which say what kind of disease stroke is; how transient ischemic attack is sometimes called;

2) point out paragraphs which describe stroke risk factors that

1. can be controlled with the healthcare provider’s help;

2. can be modified by changing lifestyle;

3. cannot be controlled.

STROKE, TRANSIENT ATTACKS AND RISK FACTORS

Stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease. It affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. A stroke occurs when the blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. When that happens, part of the brain can’t get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it starts to die.

Clots that block an artery cause ischemic strokes. This is the most common type of stroke. Ischemic strokes account for about 70-80 per­cent of all strokes.

Ruptured blood vessels cause hemorrhagic strokes. When part of the brain dies from lack of blood flow, the part of the body it controls is affected. Strokes are primarily characterized by sudden acute neuro­logical deficit. The most common symptoms include motor dysfunc­tion, sensory alteration, speech or language deficit, and vision distur­bance, or any combination of these symptoms.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a «warning stroke», sometimes called a «mini-stroke». A TIA can occur days, weeks or months before a major stroke. TIAs occur when a blood clot temporarily clogs an artery, and part of the brain doesn’t get the blood it needs. The warning signs are the same as for stroke. Like stroke, TIA symptoms occur rapidly, but they last a relatively short time (the average is about a minute). Unlike stroke, when a TIA ends, the blood clot resolves itself and the symptoms disappear, leaving no permanent effects.

A risk factor is a behavior or characteristic that increases risk of stroke.

Stroke risk factors fall into^A 3 categories.

1. Some pathological conditions that may predispose to strokes include:

High blood pressure. This is the single most important risk factor. People need to know their blood pressure and have it checked at least once every year. It should be lower than 140/90 mm Hg.

Diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes often also have high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and are overweight, increasing their stroke risk even more.

Heart disease. People with heart disease have a higher risk for stroke. Atrial fibrillation, which causes an irregular heartbeat, is a significant risk factor for stroke. Heart attack is the major cause of death among stroke survivors¹⁵.

TIAs. Recognizing and treating TIAs can reduce the risk of a major stroke. TIAs are very strong predictors of stroke risk — they signal about 10 percent of strokes. Compared with people who haven’t had a TIA, people who’ve had a TIA are 9 times more likely to have a stroke⁰.

Carotid artery disease. The carotid arteries in the neck supply blood to the brain. A carotid artery narrowed by a fatty buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) may become blocked by a blood clot.

2. Here are the risk factors that people can modify by their per­sonal choices they make each day:

Tobacco use. Cigarette smoking is the № 1 preventable risk factor for stroke. The nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood. They also damage the walls of blood vessels, making clots more likely to form. Using some oral con­traceptives combined with cigarette smoking greatly increases stroke risk.

Physical inactivity and obesity. Being inactive, obese or both can increase risk of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. So going on a brisk walk, taking the stairs^D make life more active.

«Excessive» alcohol intake. Drinking more than one drink a day for women or more than two drinks a day for men raises blood pressure and can lead to stroke.

Illegal drug use. Intravenous drug abuse and also cocaine use have been linked to stroke. Cocaine use can be fatal even in first-time users.

(3) There are the risk factors that people can’t do anything about:

Increasing age. Stroke happens to people of all ages — even chil­dren. But older people have greater risk of stroke.

Male sex. At younger ages, men are higher risk of stroke than women are. However, more women than men die of stroke.

Notes:

^A fall into — зд. подразделяться на (группы, категории)

^в among stroke survivors — среди тех, кто выжил после инсульта

^с 9 times more likely to have a stroke — в девять раз выше вероятность развития инсульта

^D taking the stairs — ходьба по лестнице (пешком вместо того, чтобы использо­вать лифт)

I. Vocabulary Exercises

1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

alteration

obesity

resolve

burst

acute

sudden

disturbance

warning

disappear

brisk

predictor

clog

realize

male

buildup

last

transient

average

2. Pronounce the following words and give their Russian equiva­lents. Consult the dictionary to check your answers.

Ischemic [is'ki:mik], attack [a'taek], cardiovascular [^kaidiau'vaeskjido], artery ['aitsri], to block [bbk], hemorrhagic [,hem3'r£ed3ik], to characterize [' keeriktaraiz], neurological [_nju3r9'bd3ik(3)l], dysfunction [dis'fAi3(k)Jsn], sensory ['sensari], deficit ['defisit], vision [vi3n], pathological [,рае0э'кх1з1кэ1], cholesterol [ka'lestarol], fibrillation [/ibn'lei/an], carotid [ks'rotid], tobacco [ta'baskau], nicotine ['mkatiin], carbon monoxide ['kaibanms'noksaid], oral [' э:гэ1], sex [seks].

3. Define from which verbs the following adjectives are formed and give their meanings. Use the model:

verb + able = adjective

e.g. rely + able = reliable

Predictable, preventable, valuable, suitable, remarkable, implantable, considerable, communicable.

4. Find in the Text English equivalents of the following Russian words and expressions.

Сердечно-сосудистое заболевание; ишемический инсульт; отсутствие кровоснабжения; внезапное острое неврологическое расстройство; нарушение двигательной функции; сенсорные изменения; расстройство речи; нарушение зрения; преходящее нарушение мозгового кровообращения; обширный инсульт; предостерегающий симптом; сгусток крови растворяется (разлагается); симптомы исчезают; патологическое состояние; спровоцировать инсульт; высокий уровень холестерина в крови; страдать избыточным весом; желудочковая фибрилляция; главная причина смерти; поражение сонной артерии; жировой компонент бляшки.

II. Grammar Notes and Exercises

1. Grammar note: Составные союзы either... or (или ... или, либо ... либо) и neither ... nor (ни ... ни) являются сочинительными союзами и, следовательно, соединяют однородные члены предложения и однородные предложения.

2. Exercise Translate the following sentences with conjunctions either ... or, neither... nor.

1. A stroke occurs when the blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts.

2. An excess of the somatotropic hormone, either due to hypersecretion or injection of extracts, gives rise to gigantism in immature individuals or animals or leads to acromegaly in adults.

3. This new technique is known neither in Europe nor in the USA.

4. Neither single hormone nor endocrine gland acts wholly by itself at any time.

3. Grammar note:

В придаточных определительных предложениях союзное слово или союз (that, which) могут быть опущены, если они не являются подлежащим придаточного предложения. При переводе таких пред­ложений на русский язык следует восстанавливать пропущенное слово или союз.

НАПРИМЕР:

One of the most significant problems (which) the doctors face is that the pumping ability of the left ventricle is weakened.

Одной из наиболее значительных проблем, с которой сталкиваются врачи, является то, что способность левого желудочка качать кровь ослабляется.