Задание 4

Вставьте пропущенные слова и словосочетания из раздела Vocabulary.

1. The main efforts made by Keldysh were devoted to ______________ and rockets.

2. In 1959 there was _______________ of the first Soviet cruise missile.

3. In 1954 Keldysh together with Sergey Korolyov and Mikhail Tikhonravov submitted a letter to the Soviet Government proposing development of_____________ to orbit the Earth.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. М. Келдыш известен выдающимися разработками в области прикладной математики, механики, советской космической программы.

2. С именем М. Келдыша связывают развитие современных электронно- вычислительных машин, которые использовались для расчетов в атомной и ракетно-космической отраслях.

ВАРИАНТ III

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст о великом ученом Н. Копернике.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Определите истинно или ложно высказывание. Исправьте те высказывания, информация в которых не соответствует информации, представленной в тексте.

1. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the Universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center. 

2. All of Copernicus’s correspondence with the Roman Catholic Church and with Polish leaders was in Greek as it was the language of academia in Europe.

3. Nicolaus was named after his father, who was a wealthy Toruń patrician and city councillor in Danzig.

4. In the early 1600s, when virtually everyone believed the Earth was the center of the Universe, the Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets instead revolved around the Sun.

Задание 3 Ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1. What helped Copernicus to fund the continuation of his studies in astronomy?

2. Who significantly influenced Copernicus’s research that led to developing his own celestial model, a heliocentric planetary system?

3. What made Copernicus think that the size of each planet’s orbit depended on its distance from the Sun?

4. P tolemy together with Aristotle invented the first geometric planetary model.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun,

Poland. Copernicus developed his own celestial model of a heliocentric planetary system. He shared his findings in the Commentariolus. His second book on the topic, “De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” was banned by the Roman Catholic Church not long after his death, May 24, 1543 in Frauenburg, Poland.

When Copernicus was 10, his father, a well-to-do merchant who dealt in copper, selling it mostly in Danzig (Gdańsk), passed away. His maternal uncle, Bishop of Varmia Lucas Watzenrode, generously assumed the paternal role, taking it upon himself to ensure that Copernicus received the best possible education. In 1491, Copernicus entered the University of Cracow, where he studied painting and mathematics. Though he did not take astronomy classes at that time, he developed a growing interest in Cosmos, and started collecting books on the topic. After graduating from the university in 1494, Copernicus returned to Torun, where he took a canon’s position, arranged by his uncle at Frombork cathedral. Though the opportunity was only typically available to priests, Copernicus was able to hold onto the job for the rest of his life. It was a fortunate chance for Copernicus. The canon’s position afforded him the opportunity to fund the continuation of his studies for as long as he liked. Still, the job demanded much of his schedule; he was only able to pursue his academic interests intermittently, during his free time.

In 1496, Copernicus took leave and traveled to Italy, where he was enrolled in a religious law program at the University of Bologna. There, he met astronomer Domenico Maria Novara, a fateful encounter, as the two began exchanging astronomical ideas and observations. Historian Edward Rosen described the relationship as follows: “In establishing close contact with Novara, Copernicus met, perhaps for the first time in his life, a mind that dared to challenge the authority of Ptolemy the most eminent ancient writer in his chosen fields of study.” The friends were so enthralled in their intellectual exchange, they decided to become roommates. In 1500, after completing his law studies in Bologna, Copernicus went on to study practical medicine at the University of Padua. He did not, however, stay long enough to earn a degree, since the two-year leave of absence from his canon position was nearing expiration. In 1503, Copernicus attended the University of Ferrara, where he prepared to take the canon law exam. After passing the test on his first attempt, he hurried back home to Poland, where he resumed his position as canon and rejoined his uncle at a nearby Episcopal residence. Copernicus remained at the Lidzbark-Warminski residence for the next seven years, working and tending to his elderly, ailing uncle, and exploring astronomy whenever he could find the time. In 1510, Copernicus moved to a residence in the Frombork Cathedral Chapter in hopes of clearing additional time to study astronomy. He would live there as a canon for the duration of his life.

HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM

Throughout the seven years Nicolaus Copernicus spent in Lidzbark-Warminski. Copernicus read several books on the subject of astronomy. Among the sources that Copernicus consulted there was “Regiomontus’s Epitome of the Almagest”, which presented an alternative to astrologist Claudius Ptolemy’s model of the Universe, and significantly influenced his research. By 1508, Copernicus had begun developing his own celestial model, a heliocentric planetary system. Ptolemy had previously invented a geometric planetary model, which was inconsistent with Aristotle’s idea that celestial bodies moved in a circular motion at different speeds around a fixed point, the Earth. In an attempt to reconcile such inconsistencies, Copernicus’s heliocentric solar system named the Sun, rather than the Earth, as the center of the Solar system. Subsequently, Copernicus believed that the size of each planet’s orbit depended on its distance from the Sun.

VOCABULARY

celestial model – небесная модель

heliocentric planetary system – гелиоцентрическая планетарная модель

canon position – должность каноника (церк.)

to enroll – записывать, регистрировать

to depend on – зависеть от

the Solar system – солнечная система

a fixed point – фиксированная точка

the Universe – Вселенная

to influence – оказывать влияние, влиять

“De revolutionibus orbium coelestium” – вращение небесных сфер

significantly – значительно