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ИНСТРУКЦИЯ К ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ ЗАДАНИЯ

“READING” (чтение)

1. Для выполнения задания выберите правильный вариант. Ваш вариант определяется по последней цифре номера зачетной книжки.

№ 1-2 ВАРИАНТ I

№ 3-4 ВАРИАНТ II

№ 5-6 ВАРИАНТ III

№ 7-8 ВАРИАНТ IV

№ 9 ВАРИАНТ V

2. После определения своего варианта, читаете, письменно переводите и выполняете задания, указанные перед текстом.

3. Выполнив все задания, прикрепляете и высылаете на проверку по системе «ГЕКАДЕМ» тьютору.

ВАРИАНТ I

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст о великом ученом Андрее Дмитриевиче Сахарове.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Определите истинно или ложно высказывание. Исправьте те высказывания, информация в которых не соответствует информации, представленной в тексте.

1. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was the first scientist in physics who developed the theory of relativity.

2. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was the “designer” of the Soviet thermonuclear weapons.

3. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov provided the first explanation of baryon asymmetry in 1969.

4. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was the first Russian physicist to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Задание 3 Ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1. Where and when did A. D. Sakharov receive the Ph.D. degree?

2. What was the research carried out by A. D. Sakharov that led to the creation of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb?

3. Why did A. D. Sakharov stop his research in strategic weapon?

ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV (1921 – 1989)

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. His father was a well-known teacher of physics and the author of textbooks, exercise books and works of popular science. He was raised in a large communal apartment where most of the rooms were occupied by his family and relatives. In 1938 he entered Moscow State University and began studying at the Faculty of Physics. Having been evacuated in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War, he continued studying in Ashkhabad and later, he started to work in Ulyanovsk. He returned to Moscow in 1945 to study at the Theoretical Department of FIAN (the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences), where he received the Ph.D. degree in 1947.

A year later, Sakharov conducted the research in controlled nuclear fusion, together with the physicist Igor Tamm. This work led to the creation of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. The first Soviet bomb was tested on August 12, 1953. The same year, Sakharov received his D.Sc. degree, and was elected as a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and was awarded the first of the three Hero of Socialist Labor titles. He continued to work at Sarov, helped working out the first genuine Soviet H-bombs, which was tested in 1955.

Devoted to fundamental physics, Sakharov spent two decades designing nuclear weapons before returning to academic research and producing his major scientific accomplishment. In 1966, by combining particle physics and cosmology he provided the first explanation of baryon asymmetry, the observed drastic disparity in the natural occurrence of matter and antimatter in the universe.

Just a few years later, based on his second domain of professional knowledge, strategic weaponry, together with his understanding of the machinery of the Soviet leadership and his feeling of personal responsibility, the “father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb” developed into one of the leading human rights advocates in the Soviet Union.

Politically active during the 1960s, Sakharov was against nuclear proliferation and protested against atmospheric testing of the hydrogen bomb in 1961. He played a great role in the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed in Moscow. In 1965, he returned to fundamental science and began working on cosmology, but continued to oppose the political discrimination.

In 1968, Sakharov authored an essay calling for drastic reductions in nuclear arms. In 1970, he founded the Committee for Human Rights. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but the Soviet authorities did not permit him to go to Norway to accept the award. By 1980, for his unrelenting criticism of the Soviet policies, including the invasion of Afghanistan, Sakharov was sentenced to internal exile in Gorki.

In December 1986, Sakharov was allowed to return to Moscow. He remained a tireless advocate for political reform and human rights for the rest of his life. Sakharov died on December 14, 1989.

VOCABULARY

personal responsibility – личная ответственность

drastic disparity – резкое несоответствие

disparity – несоответствие, неравенство

occurrence of the matter (зд.) – происхождение материи

to be devoted to – быть преданным, посвященным

nuclear proliferation – нераспространение ядерного оружия

accomplishment – выполнение, завершение

controlled nuclear fusion – управляемый термоядерный синтез