3. Motivation. Types of motivation.

Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behaviour. It gives the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa. Motivation can be divided into two different theories known as intrinsic (internal or inherent) motivation and extrinsic (external) motivation.Intrinsic motivation is the self-desire to seek out new things and new challenges, to analyze one's capacity, to observe and to gain knowledge. It is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for consideration.. Extrinsic motivationrefers to the performance of an activity in order to attain a desired outcome and it is the opposite of intrinsic motivation.Extrinsic motivation comes from influences outside of the individual. In extrinsic motivation, the harder question to answer is where do people get the motivation to carry out and continue to push with persistence. Usually extrinsic motivation is used to attain outcomes that a person wouldn't get from intrinsic motivation. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the threat of punishment following misbehavior. Competition is an extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy are also extrinsic incentives.

№6 ЕМТИХАН БИЛЕТІ / ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ БИЛЕТ

1 Teaching English Speaking

Speaking is the most difficult part in language learning because pupils need ample practice in speaking to be able to say a few words of their own in connection with a situation. There must be occasions when the pupils feel the necessity to inform someone of something, to explain something and to prove something to someone (situational and communicative approach).

Of all the four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing), speaking seems intuitively the most important: people who know a language are referred to as 'speakers' of that language, as if speaking included all other kinds of knowing; and many if not most foreign language learners are primarily interested in learning to speak. Classroom activities that develop learners’ ability to express themselves through speech would therefore seem an important component of a language course. Yet it is difficult to design and administer such activities; more so, in many ways, that to do so for listening, reading or writing. We shall come on to what the problems are presently, but first let us try to define what is meant by “an effective speaking activity”.

2 Effective Reading Comprehension

Reading comprehension offers a tool for judging the level of passage or text understanding while reading. Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a passage or text. Reading at the rate of 200 to 220 words per minute is considered as a normal speed of reading. For normal reading rates, 75% is an acceptable level of comprehension. That means if a child can understand the meaning of at least 75% of the total text given, then it is regarded as acceptable limits for reading comprehension.Various methods are used to improve reading comprehension that include training the ability to self assess comprehension, actively test comprehension using a set of questions and by improving metacognition. Theoretical teaching (teaching conceptual) and a better knowledge of language can also prove of immense help. Practice plays more pivotal part in development and honing the skills of reading comprehension. Self-assessment with the help of elaborate interrogation and summarizing also helps. Effective reading comprehension is the culmination of mastering vocabulary, phonics, fluency and reading comprehension skills. Person having good comprehension skills is considered as active reader, with an ability to interact with the words by understanding its complete meaning and the concept behind it. Thus skill of reading comprehension distinguishes an active reader from a passive reader who just read the text without getting its meaning.