ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.
Настоящая разработка включает упражнения, относящиеся к одному из самых сложных при переводе научно-технической литературы разделов грамматики английского языка – неличным формам (инфинитив, причастие, герундий).
В каждом разделе упражнения расположены в следующем порядке:
Упражнения на опознавание активизируемой грамматической формы.
Упражнения на сопоставление 2-3 грамматических форм.
Сводные упражнения.
Упражнения состоят из отдельных предложений, предназначенных для перевода с английского на русский. Использована оригинальная английская и американская научная литература по химии.
Разработка предназначена как методическое руководство при прохождении курса английского языка студентами Химического факультета МГУ. Может быть использована как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.
Составлена ст. преподавателем кафедры английского языка для Химического факультета МГУ Большуновой Н. Н. под общей редакцией к. п. н. Головковой Н. М.
I. The Infinitive
1. The Infinitive as the Subject.
Exercise. Translate the following sentences.
It is unrealistic to believe that the above method can be applied in that particular case.
To present the elementary theory in a way which permits extension is essential.
It is not the purpose of this review to deal with the subject extensively.
It is somewhat unpleasant to be shown publicly by a machine that in fact we make too many mistakes.
2. The Infinitive as an Attribute.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences.
The article to follow deals with the problem of catalysis.
There are many problems to be solved.
Another reason for failure to isolate the oxaziridines is that they are often also unstable to light.
This phenomenon prompted a tremendous amount of research in efforts to develop better and more facile methods for the synthesis of the above substances.
Amidrazones exhibit a tendency to form complexes with the ions of transition.
There is no role to be ascribed to π-complexes.
Since the points to be raised here concern the Madelung energy term, which is the same in most lattice energy equations, the following discussion of the Born-Lande equation applies equally well to other equations of the same type.
This work was the first to draw a clear distinction between these two classes of complexes.
For halogens and sulphur the best reagent to be used is a mixture of 9 parts of pure sodium carbonate with one part of pure sugar finely powdered.
Other factors to be considered include contact resistance (electrical pick-up from furnace windings), thermoelectric effects, surface conduction, and thermionic emission from the sample.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences paying particular attention to the different functions of the Infinitives used.
To derive the molecular formula of ethylene one must first find the molecular weight of the gas.
The point to emphasize is that this statement is completely general.
It has been found possible to make to make experiments of this sort.
The alkyl chlorosulfates are unique to this series to exhibit substitution at carbon, sulfur, and chlorine.
No evidence has been produced to support this hypothesis, but several different sets of data refute it.
The mere choice of material to be included or excluded demanded talents of a high order.
Ordinary sugar to be obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets is sucrose.
Kinetic studies are urgently needed to explore the generality of this last mechanism.
An example to consider is provided by a ball suspended above the earth.
The amount of given solid which will dissolve in a fixed quantity of any particular solvent is limited; and further experiments such as those about to be described show that this limit is a constant for a given pair of substances.
To be thoroughly examined the phenomenon must be reproducible.
The alkane sulfonyl chlorides are the only other members of the above series to undergo displacement at chlorine.
3. The Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier of a) purpose b) attending circumstances
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences.
In order to effect separation of the several substances we use the method of fractional distillation.
This symbol is used to denote double bond.
These devices could be used to simplify and to cut down the number of necessary steps.
In order to break a crystal of quartz, it is necessary to break some silicon-oxygen bonds.
Many compounds have been explored but many remain, and much work is needed to fully understand the questions suggested by preliminary results.
Both conductivity measurements as a function of oxygen pressure and emf measurements have been used to show that the solid solutions are ionic conductors at intermediate oxygen pressures.
To continue we must make explicit something that has so far been implicit in all that has been said.
Too little evidence is available to infer the outline of these mechanisms, let alone to elucidate the fine distinctions between ##- and V-complex routes.
To employ nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, one in general resorts to studying the individual amino acids or simple peptide systems.
To establish the unsaturated character of acetylene let us fill two cylinders with the gas.
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The experiment may be expanded in several ways to provide additional work for the interested student.
Methyl oxide combines with hydrogen chloride to form dimethyl oxonium chloride.
The discussion is extended in this section to include the spectra of iodide in binary solvent mixtures where one compound is water.
When carbon dioxide dissolved in water, one portion enters into combination to yield a new substance – carbonic acid – while the other portion dissolves in the physical sense as carbon dioxide.
The same type of analysis was extended to include aspartic acid and serine.
The partially synthetic resins are those which utilize the molecular structure of natural material, but modify it chemically to make a moldable resin.
Ethyl alcohol and acetic acid react with the elimination of water to produce ethyl acetate.
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The π-Complex 30 is almost certainly too strained to make an important contribution.
The ionization potential is low enough to permit complete loss of an electron.
The Sc3+ ion is too small to prevent the appearance of distorted fluorite phases.
Although the area of investigation is limited at present, we consider it important enough to be treated separately primarily because of some very recent results.
The conclusion arrived at is sufficiently important to be mentioned here.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences paying particular attention to the different functions of the Infinitives used.
To examine the matter the theory is presented in its chronological development with emphasis on the energetics involved.
To test this explanation of the effect was of major importance.
To conclude that these regions were small in area seems reasonable.
To clarify the origin of the various products the alcoholysis reaction was reexamined.
To present the study of free radicals by electron spin resonance has been considered most advantageous.
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Carbon has a tendency to combine with oxygen from the air to form gaseous carbon dioxide.
The chlorine molecule reacts with an ethylene molecule to form the substance dichloroethane.
Acetylene has the property of decomposing to form solid carbon by means of a reaction which is sufficiently exothermic to support a flame.
Another reason for failure to isolate the oxaziridines is that they are often also unstable to light.
This theory does not concern the simplest way to perform the operations.
At best such species must isomerize to open ions en route to products.
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The discovery that phenyl-hydrazine reacts with carbohydrates to form characteristic derivatives led to an investigation of the reaction of the isomeric compound, o-phenylenediamine, with carbohydrates.
The instrument is binary oriented to minimize steps in the manipulation of resolved data.
It is not in the nature of human beings to be perfectly accurate.
There is good reason to expect that it will be possible to design computers that will deal much more naturally and efficiently with such programs.
Carbon has a tendency to combine with oxygen from the air to form gaseous carbon dioxide.
In this reaction a nitrogen nucleus reacts with a helium nucleus which strikes it with considerable energy to form two new nuclei, an O17 nucleus and a proton.
The simplest aldehyde to be made by passing methyl alcohol vapor and air over a heated metal catalyst is formaldehyde.
Then we count the number of these units which together make up the quantity to be measured.
Alkali metals are soft enough to be cut with a knife.
The fraction of any minor product could have been changed manyfold over this temperature range while remaining too small to be delected.
As yet there is very little to report on polysaccharide abiogenic synthesis.