- •Speak on the syllabic structure of English words.
- •Divide the following words into syllables according to rules of syllable formation and syllable division in English and explain them: morning, nearer, butter, organic, little, garden, blossom.
- •1. The manner of production of articulation
- •2. The place of articulation
- •3. The degree of noise
- •According to the horizontal movement of the tongue;
- •According to the vertical movement of the tongue.
- •4)Types ,degree, directions of assimilation.Define the degrees and directions of assimilation on the following ex:
- •Progressive
- •Regressive
- •Reciprocal (double)
- •Incomplete assimilation
- •5. Speak on phoneme theory, its variants and aspects
- •2 Types of allophones: principal and subsidiary
- •6.Speak on the accentual structure of words, types of word –stress and tendencies of word-stress.
6.Speak on the accentual structure of words, types of word –stress and tendencies of word-stress.
DIVIDE THE following into the part of speech (noun-verb) according to position of word-stress.
Record,Export,Present,Insult,Increase
The greater degree of special prominence given to one or more syllables as
compared with that of the other syllable or syllables in one and the same word is known as word accent.
When the inherent prominence of one speech sound, especially a vowel, is equal to or greater than that of the other sounds in the same word, the accent given to the syllable containing this sound increases its prominence. For instance, in the word /instiŋkt/ both [i]-sounds have equal inherent prominence but the actual, accentual prominence of the first [i] is greater than that of the second. Therefore this word is said to be accented on the first syllable. Monosyllabic words pronounced as vocabulary items in isolation are considered to have word accent.
Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Incidently , the syllable structure of a word is closely connected with its accentual structure as in disyllabic ( a word consisting of two syllables) and polysyllabic (a word consisting of more then three syllables ) words; there may be different degrees of prominence in syllables of initial, medial or final position.
The classification if words according to the place and degree of stress is known as the accentual structure (type, pattern) of words.
The accentual structure of English words is liable (подвержена) to instabilitydue to the different origin of several layers in the Modern English word stock. In Germanic languages the word stress originally fell on the initial syllable or the second syllable, the root syllable in the English words with prefixes. This tendency was called recessive.
It’s the results of in placing the word stress on the initial syllable.1) unrestricted recessive accent,which is falls on the first syllable:Mother of father 2)restricted is characterized br prefix (become, begin ).Most English words of Anglo-Saxon origin as well as the French borrowings (dated back to the 15th century) are subjected to this recessive tendency. Unrestricted recessive tendency is observed in the native English words having no prefix, e.g. mother, daughter, brother, swallow. In assimilated French borrowings, e.g. reason, colour, restaurant. Restricted recessive tendency marks English words with prefixes, e.g. foresee, begin, withdraw, apart.
The rhythm of alternating (чередующихся) stressed and unstressed syllables gave birth to the rhythmical tendencyin the present-day English which caused the appearance of the secondary stress in the multisyllabic French borrowings, e.g. ,revo ‘lution, ,organi ‘sation, as,simi ‘lation, etc. it also explains the placement of primary stress on the third syllable from the end in three- and four-syllable words, e.g. ‘cinema, ‘situate, ar ‘ticulate.
Nowadays we witness (видим) a great number of variations in the accentual structure of English multi-syllable words as a result of the interrelation of the tendencies. The stress on the initial syllable is caused by the diachronical recessive tendency or the stress on the second syllable under the influence of the strong rhythmical tendency of the present day, e.g. ‘hospitable – ho ‘spitable, ‘distribute – dis ‘tribute, ‘aristocrat – a ‘ristocrat.
A third tendency was traced in the instability of the accentual structure of English word stress, the retentive (сохраняющая, сдерживающая) tendency: a derivative often retains (удерживает) the stress of the original or parent word, e.g. ‘similar – as ‘similate, ,recom ‘mend - ,recommend ‘dation.
Semantic factor is the 4 th
According to the most salient feature the following types of word stress are distinguished in different languages: dynamic or force stress if special prominence in a stressed syllable(syllables) is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation;
musical or tonic stress if special prominence is achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone.quantitative stress if special prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones.
qualitative stress if special prominence is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress. Vowel reduction is often used as a manipulation of quality in unstressed syllables. Stress can be characterized as fixed and free. In languages with fixed type of stress the place of stress is always the same. In English and Russian word-stress is free, that is it may fall any syllable in a word;Stress in English and in Russian is not only free but also shifting. In both languages the place of stress may shift, which helps to differentiate different parts of speech, e.g. `insult--to in`sult, `import--to im`port.
Quantative : if special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes of quantity of the vowels,which are longer in the stressed syll. Than in the unstressed ones.