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- •1.3.1 Введение 13
- •1.5.1 Введение 37
- •2. Introduction to Variables 69
- •3. Data Types 72
- •4. Techniques of Using Variables 90
- •5. Introduction to Classes 115
- •5.4.1 Introduction 129
- •6. Classes and Memory Management 131
- •6.1.1 Native References 131
- •6.5.1 Introduction 140
- •7. Classes Combinations and Inheritance 152
- •7.2.1 Introduction 165
- •7.3.1 Introduction 171
- •8. Data Input/Output, Reading, and Formatting 173
- •8.1.1 Introduction 173
- •8.5.1 Introduction 189
- •8.6.1 Introduction 195
- •9. Introduction to Functions 201
- •10. Details on Passing Arguments 225
- •10.3.1 Introduction 237
- •11. Classes and Functions 242
- •11.1.2 Practical Learning: Introducing Data Reading 243
- •11.5.1 Introduction 264
- •12. Classes and their Methods 268
- •12.1.2 Practical Learning: Introducing Data Reading 268
- •12.4.1 Introduction 284
- •13. Class Construction and Destruction 290
- •13.3.1 Introduction 311
- •14. The Properties of a Class 315
- •14.1.1 Introduction 315
- •15. Function Pointers and Delegates 337
- •15.1.1 Introduction 337
- •15.3.1 Introduction 346
- •16. Introduction to Conditions 359
- •16.1.1 Introduction 359
- •16.2.1 Introduction 369
- •25.3.1 Introduction 543
- •26. Multi-Dimensional Arrays 556
- •26.1.1 Introduction 556
- •26.2.1 Introduction 566
- •27.1.1 Introduction 595
- •34. Введение в коллекции 743
- •35. Основы коллекций платформы .Net (Fundamentals of .Net Support For Collections) 779
- •36. Встроенные интерфейсы коллекций 797
- •37. Встроенные классы коллекций 841
- •1.1Основы
- •1.1.1Введение в с
- •1.1.2Библиотека Win32
- •1.1.4Библиотека mfc
- •1.1.6Microsoft Visual Basic
- •1.2The Microsoft .Net Framework
- •1.2.1 Введение
- •1.2.2 Помощь сом
- •1.3.1Введение
- •1.3.2Компилятор
- •1.3.3Компилятор cl
- •1.4.1Функция main()
- •Int main()
- •1.4.2Консольный ввод и вывод
- •Void main()
- •Int X; // Целочисленная переменная X
- •1.4.3Директива препроцессора #pragma region
- •1.4.4Использование дескрипторов
- •Void Handles()
- •1.4.5Одномерные массивы
- •Void SingleDimensional()
- •1.4.6Многомерные массивы
- •Void CreateArr2()
- •Void CreateJaggedArray()
- •1.4.7Передача массивов функциями
- •1.4.8Классы значения
- •1.4.9Классы ссылки
- •1.4.10Интерфейсы
- •1.4.11Абстрактные классы
- •Void Foo2(){} // и так тоже можно
- •Virtual int Foo()override {return 1024;}
- •Void Abstract()
- •1.4.12Запечатанные классы и виртуальные функции
- •Void Sealed()
- •1.4.13 Видимость компонентов классов и структур
- •1.4.14Свойства
- •Void SimpleIndexProp()
- •Value class p4
- •Int Value;
- •Void set(int X, int value)
- •Void DifficultIndexedProperty()
- •Int Value;
- •Void set(int X, int value)
- •Void DefaultIndexedProperty()
- •1.4.15Деструкторы классов
- •Value class DestructorValue
- •Void SimpleDestructorDemo()
- •Void DerivedClassDestructorDemo()
- •Void Destructors()
- •1.4.16 Приведение типов
- •Void DynamicCast()
- •If(icomp)
- •Void SafeCast()
- •Void ExplicitTypeConversion()
- •Void Casting()
- •1.4.17 Класс Array
- •IStructuralComparable, iStructuralEquatable
- •Void DemoArray()
- •1.4.18 Введение в коллекции
- •Void DemoArrayList()
- •1.5.1Введение
- •Include file.H
- •1.5.3Создание консольного приложения
- •1.5.4Открытие проекта
- •1.5.7Start Without Debugging
- •1.5.8Code Comments
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •I can write anything I want in it */
- •1.5.9Indentation
- •Int main()
- •I can write anything I want in it */
- •1.5.10Escape Sequences
- •1.6Введение в классы
- •Int protect()
- •Int main()
- •1.7.1Source Files
- •1.7.2Practical Learning: Creating a Source File
- •1.7.3Header Files
- •1.7.4Practical Learning: Creating a Header File
- •Int ShowWelcome();
- •Int cProperty::ShowWelcome()
- •1.7.5Assemblies
- •1.7.6Applications
- •1.7.7The Public and Private Objects of an Assembly
- •1.7.8Practical Learning: Controlling the Assembly Access of a Class
- •1.7.9Creating a Class
- •1.7.10Practical Learning: Creating a Class
- •1.8The Code Editor
- •1.8.1 Description
- •1.8.2The Tabs Bar
- •1.8.3The Scopes Combo Box
- •1.8.4The Functions Combo Box
- •1.8.5Code Colors
- •1.9The Solution Explorer
- •1.9.1 Introduction
- •1.9.2 Using the Solution Explorer
- •1.10The Class View
- •1.10.1Introduction
- •1.10.2Using the Class View
- •1.11Namespaces and Code Directives
- •1.11.1Introduction
- •1.11.2Practical Learning: Including a Class in a Namespace
- •1.11.3Using a Namespace
- •Int drive()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •1.11.4Using Various Namespaces
- •Int drive()
- •Int showroof()
- •Int drive()
- •Int main()
- •Int drive()
- •Int main()
- •Int drive()
- •Int main()
- •1.11.5Nesting Namespaces
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •1.11.6Built-In Namespaces
- •1.11.6.1 The System Namespace
- •Int main()
- •1.11.6.2The std Namespace
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •1.12C Routines
- •Int main()
- •1.13Primary Details of Program Structure
- •1.13.1Preprocessors: #include
- •1.13.2Preprocessors: #define
- •Int main()
- •1.14Pragma Directives
- •1.14.1 Introduction
- •1.14.2Open Once
- •2. Introduction to Variables
- •2.1Introduction
- •2.2The Stack
- •2.3Variable Declaration
- •2.5Keywords
- •Internal initonly interface literal long
- •Value virtual void volatile wchar_t
- •3.Data Types
- •3.1Variable Initialization
- •3.2Introduction to Data Types
- •3.3Practical Learning: Introducing Data Types Applications
- •Int main()
- •3.4Integers
- •3.4.1Signed and Unsigned Numbers
- •3.4.2Bytes
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.4.3Practical Learning: Declaring a Byte Variable
- •Int main()
- •3.4.4Short Variables
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.4.5Integral Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.4.6Practical Learning: Declaring Unsigned Variables
- •3.4.7Long Integers
- •Int main()
- •3.4.8Practical Learning: Declaring Long Integers
- •Int main()
- •3.4.9Initializing an Integral Variable
- •3.5Characters
- •3.5.1 Symbolic Characters
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.5.2Unicode Characters
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.5.3Practical Learning: Using Character Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.6The String: a List of Characters
- •Int main()
- •3.7Decimal Numbers
- •3.7.1Floating-Point Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.7.2Practical Learning: Using a Single-Precision Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.7.3Double-Precision Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.7.4Practical Learning: Using a Single-Precision Variables
- •Int main()
- •3.7.5Initializing a Double-Precision Variable
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.8Variable Reference
- •3.8.1 The typedef Type Definition
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.9Native References
- •Int &Mine;
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Its reference: 228
- •Int main()
- •Its reference: 228
- •Its reference: -15008
- •Its reference: 28114
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •3.10A Tracking Reference (отслеживаемая ссылка)
- •Int main()
- •Int % PropertyValue;
- •Int main()
- •4. Techniques of Using Variables
- •4.1 Constant Values
- •4.1.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.1.2Custom Constants
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.1.3Language Constants
- •Int main()
- •4.1.4Using #define
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.2Pointer Types
- •4.2.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •4.2.2Pointer Declaration
- •Int main()
- •Int *Number;
- •4.2.3Pointer Initialization
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int *Number;
- •Int main()
- •Int *Number;
- •4.2.4A Pointer to a Pointer
- •Int main()
- •Int *pointer;
- •Int main()
- •Int *pointer;
- •Int **pointerToPointer;
- •Int main()
- •Int *pointer;
- •Int **pointerToPointer;
- •Int main()
- •Int *pointer;
- •Int **pointerToPointer;
- •4.2.5Type Defining a Pointer
- •Int *pAge;
- •4.3Pointers and Memory Management
- •4.3.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.3.2The new Operator
- •Int main()
- •4.3.3Practical Learning: Introducing Pointers
- •Int main()
- •4.3.4The delete Operator
- •Int main()
- •4.3.5Practical Learning: Deleting Pointers
- •Int main()
- •4.4Handle Types
- •4.4.1 Introduction
- •4.4.2A Tracking Reference
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.4.3Creating a Handle (дескриптор)
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Item Price:
- •4.5Using the Garbage Collector
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Item Price: 148.95
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Item Price: 148.95
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •4.5.1Practical Learning: Using Handles
- •Int main()
- •5. Introduction to Classes
- •5.1 A Review of Classes
- •5.1.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •5.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing Classes
- •Int main()
- •5.2Creating a Class
- •5.2.1Practical Learning: Creating a Class
- •5.3Value Types
- •5.3.1 Introduction
- •5.3.2Practical Learning: Creating a Value Class
- •5.3.3Creating a Value Type
- •5.3.4Techniques of Initializing an Object
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •5.3.5Practical Learning: Initializing an Object
- •Int main()
- •5.3.6Class Members Levels of Access
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •5.3.7Practical Learning: Controlling the Access to a Class
- •5.3.8Type-Defining a Class
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •5.3.9Constant Objects
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •5.4Union
- •5.4.1Introduction
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •5.4.2Using a Union
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.2Introduction to Pointers to Classes
- •6.2.1Practical Learning: Introducing Pointers to Classes
- •6.2.2Accessing the Members of a Pointer to a Class
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •6.2.3Practical Learning: Accessing the Members of a Pointer to a Class
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.3Allocating Memory on the Native Heap
- •Int main()
- •6.3.1Practical Learning: Allocating Memory on the Native Heap
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •6.3.3Practical Learning: De-Allocating Memory from the Native Heap
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.4Classes and Pointers to Pointers
- •6.4.1Declaring a Pointer to Pointer
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •6.5Handle Types
- •6.5.1 Introduction
- •6.5.2Practical Learning: Introducing Handles
- •Int main()
- •6.5.3A Tracking Reference
- •Int main()
- •6.5.4Creating a Handle
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.5.5Practical Learning: Creating a Handle
- •Int main()
- •6.6Reference Types
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.6.1Practical Learning: Creating a Reference Class
- •6.6.2Accessing the Members of a Handle
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.6.3Using the Garbage Collector
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •6.6.4Practical Learning: Initializing a Handle
- •Int main()
- •7.Classes Combinations and Inheritance
- •7.1Class Combinations (агрегирование классов)
- •7.1.1 A Class as a Member Variable
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •7.1.2Practical Learning: Using an Object as a Field
- •7.1.3Introduction to Strings
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •7.1.4Practical Learning: Using String Variables
- •7.1.5A String as a Member Variable of a Class
- •7.1.6Practical Learning: Using Strings as Fields
- •7.2Inheritance
- •7.2.1 Introduction
- •7.2.2Practical Learning: Introducing Inheritance
- •7.2.3Inheriting From a Class
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int Condition;
- •7.2.4Practical Learning: Inheriting From a Class
- •7.2.5The protected Access Level
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •7.2.6Namespaces and Inheritance
- •7.3The Object Class
- •7.3.1 Introduction
- •7.3.2An Object as a Handle
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •7.3.3Inheriting from the Object Class
- •7.3.4Practical Learning: Inheriting From the Object Class
- •8.Data Input/Output, Reading, and Formatting
- •8.1 Displaying Data
- •8.1.1 Introduction
- •8.1.2General Display With cout, Write(), and WriteLine()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.1.3Data Display With puts()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.2.2Filling the Empty Space
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.2.3The dec, hex, and oct Operators
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.2.4The uppercase Attribute
- •8.2.5Setting the I/o Flag
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.2.7C How to Display Data
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •8.3Data Input
- •8.3.1Using cin
- •Int main()
- •Int Natural;
- •8.3.2C How to Input Data
- •8.4Accessories
- •8.4.1Exiting a Program
- •Int main()
- •8.4.2Aborting a Program
- •8.4.3Terminating a Program
- •8.4.4Clearing the Screen
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int main()
- •8.5.1 Introduction
- •8.5.2Practical Learning: Introducing Data Reading
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int Condition;
- •Int main()
- •8.5.3String Value Request
- •Int main()
- •8.5.4Character and Number Request
- •Int main()
- •Int Number;
- •8.5.5Practical Learning: Requesting Data
- •8.6Formatting Data Display
- •8.6.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •8.6.2Conversion To String
- •Int main()
- •8.6.3Number Formatting
- •Int main()
- •8.6.4Line Formatting
- •Int main()
- •8.6.5Practical Learning: Formatting Data
- •Int main()
- •9. Introduction to Functions
- •9.1 Functions
- •9.1.1 Definition
- •9.1.2Fundamentals of Creating a Function
- •Void Introduction() { Console::WriteLine(l"The Wonderful World of
- •Void Introduction()
- •Int main()
- •9.1.3Calling a Function
- •Void Introduction()
- •Int main()
- •Introduction();
- •Int main()
- •Void IdentifyHouse();
- •Void IdentifyHouse()
- •9.1.4Practical Learning: Introducing Functions
- •Void CreateAndShowProperty()
- •Int condition;
- •9.1.5Inline Functions
- •9.2Techniques of Returning a Value
- •9.2.1 Returning a Primitive Type
- •Int main()
- •9.2.2Practical Learning: Returning a Primitive Type
- •Int GetPropertyCondition()
- •Int condition;
- •Void CreateAndShowProperty()
- •Int condition;
- •Int main()
- •9.2.3Returning a Native Reference
- •Int main()
- •9.2.4Returning a Tracking Reference
- •Int main()
- •9.2.5Returning a Pointer
- •Int main()
- •9.2.6Returning a Handle
- •9.2.7Practical Learning: Returning a Handle
- •Void CreateAndShowProperty()
- •Int main()
- •9.3Introduction to Functions Parameters
- •9.3.1 Overview of Parameters
- •Int main()
- •9.3.2Arguments to a Function
- •Void SetGender(__wchar_t a);
- •Void CalculateRateAmount(double price, double rate)
- •9.3.3Practical Learning: Introducing Functions
- •Void ShowProperty(long propNbr, int cond, Byte levels,
- •9.3.4Static Variables
- •Void Starter(int y)
- •Int main()
- •Void Starter(int y)
- •Int main()
- •Void Starter(int y)
- •Int main()
- •10.Details on Passing Arguments
- •10.1 Common Techniques of Using Parameters
- •10.1.1 Function Overloading
- •Int main()
- •10.1.2Default Arguments
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •10.1.3Constant Arguments
- •Int main()
- •10.2Passing Arguments by Reference
- •10.2.1 Passing by Native Reference
- •Void Area(double &Side); // The argument is passed by reference
- •Void Area(double &);
- •10.2.2Passing by Constant Reference
- •Void DisplayResult(const double OrigPrice, const double DiscAmt,
- •10.2.3Passing by Tracking Reference
- •10.3Passing a Pointer as Argument
- •10.3.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •10.3.2Constant Pointers as Arguments
- •Int main()
- •10.3.3Passing a Pointer to a Pointer
- •10.3.4Passing an Argument as a Reference to a Pointer
- •Int main()
- •10.3.5Passing an Argument as a Handle
- •Int main()
- •11.Classes and Functions
- •11.1 Returning a Class Type
- •11.1.1 Returning a Tracking Reference
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •11.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing Data Reading
- •Int Bedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •Int Condition;
- •Int main()
- •11.1.3Returning a Handle
- •11.1.4Practical Learning: Returning a Handle
- •Int main()
- •11.2Passing a Class Type
- •11.2.1 Passing a Tracking Reference
- •Void DescribeProperty(cHouse % home);
- •Void Show(cCar % car)
- •11.2.2Passing a Handle
- •11.2.3Practical Learning: Passing a Handle
- •Int main()
- •11.2.4The Effect of Passing a Class as a Tracking Reference or as a Handle
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •11.2.5Passing a Handle as a Reference
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •11.3Using the String Class
- •11.3.1 Returning a String
- •Int main()
- •11.3.2Passing a String
- •Int main()
- •11.4Introduction to the Methods of a Class
- •11.4.1 Methods Fundamentals
- •11.4.2Practical Learning: Introducing Methods
- •Int main()
- •11.4.3Method Local Definition
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Void Build()
- •Int main()
- •11.4.4Practical Learning: Implementing a Method Locally
- •Void CreateStoreItem()
- •11.4.5Method Global Definition
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Void Build()
- •Void Show();
- •Void cCar::Show()
- •Int main()
- •11.4.6Practical Learning: Implementing Methods Globally
- •Void CreateStoreItem();
- •Void ItemDescription();
- •Void cStoreItem::CreateStoreItem()
- •Void cStoreItem::ItemDescription()
- •Int main()
- •Item Number: 624406
- •Item Number: 624406
- •11.4.7Inline Methods
- •11.5Class and Self Return
- •11.5.1 Introduction
- •Int NumberOfBedrooms;
- •Int YearBuilt;
- •11.5.2This Pointer
- •Void cHouse::Show()
- •11.5.3Practical Learning: Using the this Pointer
- •Void cStoreItem::CreateStoreItem()
- •0 If no discount): ");
- •Void cStoreItem::ItemDescription()
- •12.1.3Constant Arguments
- •Int main()
- •12.1.4Practical Learning: Passing Constant Arguments
- •0 If no discount): ");
- •Item Number: 204066
- •Item Number: 204066
- •12.1.5Private Methods
- •Void Show();
- •Void cBox::Show()
- •Int main()
- •12.1.6Protected Methods
- •12.2Static Members of a Class
- •12.2.1 Static Member Variables
- •Void cCar::Show()
- •Int main()
- •12.2.2Static Methods
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Void Build();
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •Int Doors;
- •Int Year;
- •Int main()
- •12.3Classes and Constants
- •12.3.1 Static Constants
- •Inside a ref class or value type
- •12.3.2Literal Constants
- •12.4Class Nesting
- •12.4.1 Introduction
- •12.4.2Implementing Methods of a Nested Class
- •13. Class Construction and Destruction
- •13.1 Class Construction
- •13.1.1 Method Initializer
- •Int Type;
- •Int Color;
- •Int main()
- •Int Type;
- •Int Color;
- •Void Initializer(int type, int color, __wchar_t arrange,
- •Void cFlower::Initializer(int tp, int clr,
- •13.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing Constructors
- •Int main()
- •13.1.3Default Constructor
- •Int Type;
- •Int Color;
- •Int Type;
- •Int Color;
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int Type;
- •Int Color;
- •13.1.4Practical Learning: Using the Default Constructor
- •13.1.5The Constructor Initializer
- •Int main()
- •13.1.6Practical Learning: Initializing Using the Default Constructor
- •Int main()
- •Item Number: 0
- •13.1.7Constructor Overloading
- •Int main()
- •13.1.8Practical Learning: Overloading the Constructor
- •Inline long cStoreItem::GetItemNumber()
- •Inline void cStoreItem::SetItemNumber(const long number)
- •13.1.9Techniques of Initializing With a Constructor
- •Int main()
- •13.1.10Practical Learning: Initializing With the Constructors
- •13.2The Copy Constructor
- •13.2.1 Copying an Object
- •Int main()
- •13.2.2Using a Copy Constructor
- •13.3Destructors
- •13.3.1Introduction
- •13.3.2Practical Learning: Creating a Destructor
- •13.3.3Object Destruction in the Native Heap
- •13.3.4Object Destruction and the Managed Heap
- •14. The Properties of a Class
- •14.1Properties Fundamentals
- •14.1.1Introduction
- •14.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing the Properties of a Class
- •Int main()
- •14.1.3Reference Methods
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •14.1.4A Property
- •14.2Types of Properties
- •14.2.1 Simple Properties
- •Void ShowCharacteristics(cRectangle %recto)
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •14.2.2Practical Learning: Creating Simple Properties
- •Int main()
- •Item Number: 0
- •Item Number: 513497
- •14.2.3Read-Only Properties
- •Int main()
- •14.2.4Practical Learning: Using Read-Only Properties of a Class
- •Int main()
- •14.2.5Write-Only Properties
- •Void set(double h) { }
- •Int main()
- •14.2.6Read/Write Properties
- •14.2.7Practical Learning: Using Read/Write Properties of a Class
- •Int main()
- •Information");
- •Item Number: 666802
- •Item Number: 666802
- •14.3Other Techniques of Implementing Properties
- •14.3.1 Static Properties
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •15.1.2Declaring a Pointer to Function
- •Int main()
- •Void (*SomethingToSay)(void);
- •Void MovieQuote()
- •Void MovieQuote()
- •Int main()
- •Void (*SomethingToSay)();
- •15.1.3A Function Pointer that Returns a Value
- •Int Addition()
- •Int main()
- •Int (*SomeNumber)();
- •15.1.4A Function Pointer With Arguments
- •15.1.5Type-Defining a Function Pointer
- •Int Addition(int a, int b)
- •Int main()
- •15.1.6A Pointer to a Function as Argument
- •Int main()
- •15.2Classes and Pointers to Functions
- •15.2.1A Pointer to Function as a Member Variable
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •15.3Delegates
- •15.3.1 Introduction
- •15.3.2Practical Learning: Introducing Delegates
- •Void Show();
- •Void cFlower::Show()
- •Int main()
- •15.3.3Delegate Declaration
- •15.3.4Practical Learning: Creating a Delegate
- •Int main()
- •15.3.5Techniques of Using a Delegate
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Void ShowResult()
- •Int main()
- •15.3.6Practical Learning: Creating a Delegate
- •Int main()
- •15.3.7Delegates Compositions
- •15.3.8A Delegate With One of More Arguments
- •Void ShowResult()
- •Int main()
- •15.3.9Practical Learning: Using an Argumentative Delegate
- •Void Show(const int qty);
- •Void cFlower::Show(const int qty)
- •Int main()
- •15.3.10A Delegate Passed as Argument
- •Void CircleCharacteristics()
- •Int main()
- •16. Introduction to Conditions
- •16.1Boolean Variables
- •16.1.1 Introduction
- •16.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing Conditions
- •Int get() { return _tp; }
- •Int get() { return _clr; }
- •Int get() { return _qty; }
- •Int type, color, qty;
- •16.1.3Declaring a Boolean Variable
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •16.1.4Retrieving the Value of a Boolean Variable
- •Int main()
- •If Yes, enter True. Otherwise enter False: true
- •16.1.5Creating a Boolean Member Variable
- •16.1.6 Boolean Arguments
- •16.1.7A Boolean Property
- •16.1.8 Practical Learning: Creating a Boolean Property
- •16.2Enumerations
- •16.2.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •16.2.2 Indexing the Members of an Enumeration
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •16.2.3Declaring an Enumeration Variable
- •16.2.4Global Enumerations
- •16.2.5Enumerations and Assemblies
- •16.3Enumerations and Classes
- •16.3.1 An Enumeration as a Member Variable
- •16.3.2An Enumeration as a Class
- •16.3.4Practical Learning: Creating Enumerations
- •17. Conditional Operators
- •18. Conditional Statements
- •19. Counting and Looping
- •20. Strings
- •21. Techniques on Using Inheritance
- •22. Variable Scope and Casting
- •23. Templates
- •24. Generics
- •25.Введение в массивы
- •25.1 Описание
- •25.1.1 Определение
- •25.1.2Создание массива
- •Int main()
- •Int Numbers[5];
- •25.1.3Initializing an Array
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •25.1.4 Type Defining an Array
- •Int main()
- •25.2Arrays and Memory Management
- •25.2.1 Creating a Dynamic Array
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •25.2.2 Cleaning After an Array
- •Int main()
- •25.3Managed Arrays
- •25.3.1 Introduction
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •25.3.2Practical Learning: Introducing Arrays
- •Int main()
- •25.3.3An Array of Handles
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •Int main()
- •25.3.4Practical Learning: Using an Array of Handles
- •Int main()
- •25.4Arrays and Functions
- •25.4.1 Returning an Array
- •Int main()
- •25.4.2Practical Learning: Returning Arrays
- •25.4.3Passing an Array as Argument
- •25.4.4Practical Learning: Passing an Array as Argument
- •26. Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- •26.1 Single and Two-Dimensional Arrays
- •26.1.1 Introduction
- •26.1.2Practical Learning: Introducing Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- •26.1.4Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- •26.2Introduction to Jagged Arrays
- •26.2.1 Introduction
- •26.2.2 Creating a Jagged Array
- •26.2.3 Initializing a Jagged Array
- •26.3Jagged Arrays and Functions
- •26.3.1Returning a Jagged Array
- •26.3.2Passing a Jagged Array as Argument
- •26.4Multi-Dimensional Jagged Arrays
- •26.4.1Two-Dimensional Jagged Arrays
- •26.4.2Multi-Dimensional Jagged Arrays
- •27.Arrays and Classes
- •27.1The Array Class
- •27.1.1 Introduction
- •27.1.2 The Length of an Array
- •Int main()
- •28.Introduction to File Processing
- •29.Details on File Processing
- •30.Files Operations
- •31.Serialization
- •32.Introduction to Indexed Properties
- •33.Classes and Indexed Properties
- •34.Введение в коллекции
- •34.1Коллекции на основе массива
- •34.1.1Вступление
- •34.1.2Объявление коллекции
- •Int main()
- •34.1.3 Количество элементов в коллекции
- •34.2Операции над коллекцией, основанной на массиве
- •34.2.1 Добавление элемента
- •Int size;
- •Int get() { return size; }
- •Int main()
- •34.2.2 Извлечение элемента из коллекции
- •Int size;
- •Int get() { return size; }
- •Int main()
- •34.2.3 Вставка элемента в коллекцию
- •Int size;
- •Int get() { return size; }
- •1. Список не заполнен до конца
- •2. Указанная позиция находится в допустимом диапазоне
- •Int main()
- •34.2.4 Удаление элемента из коллекции
- •Int size;
- •Int get() { return size; }
- •Int main()
- •34.3Коллекция элементов (заказ букета цветов)
- •34.3.1 Вступление
- •34.3.2Practical Learning: Introducing Collections
- •34.3.3 Implementing a Collection
- •34.3.4 Practical Learning: Creating a cCollection Class
- •34.3.5The Beginning of a Collection
- •34.3.6 Linking the Items of a Collection
- •34.3.7 Practical Learning: Creating a List's Monitor
- •34.4 Коллекции на основе списка (Operations on a Collection)
- •34.4.1 Adding an Item
- •34.4.2 Practical Learning: Adding Items to a Collection
- •34.4.3Retrieving an Item
- •34.4.4 Practical Learning: Retrieving the Items of a Collection
- •34.4.5 Removing an Item
- •34.4.6 Practical Learning: Retrieving the Items of a Collection
- •34.4.7 Locating an Item
- •35.Основы коллекций платформы .Net (Fundamentals of .Net Support For Collections)
- •35.1 Перечисление элементов коллекции (Enumerating the Members of a Collection)
- •35.1.1 Введение в коллекции System
- •35.1.2Практический пример
- •Int Mileage;
- •Int items;
- •Int get() { return items; }
- •Virtual bool Delete() override;
- •Items--;
- •35.1.3Introduction to the iEnumerator Interface
- •35.1.4 Упражнение
- •35.1.5 Текущий элемент перечисления
- •35.1.6Упражнение
- •Int curPosition;
- •35.1.7Сброс метки текущего элемента
- •Void Reset();
- •Virtual void Reset();
- •Void cEnumerator::Reset()
- •35.1.8 Упражнение
- •Int curPosition;
- •Virtual void Reset();
- •Void cCarIdentifier::Reset()
- •35.1.9Перемещение к следующему элементу в iEnumerator
- •Virtual void Reset();
- •Virtual bool MoveNext();
- •Void cEnumerator::Reset()
- •35.1.10Упражнение
- •Int curPosition;
- •Virtual void Reset();
- •Virtual bool MoveNext();
- •Void cCarIdentifier::Reset()
- •35.2Перечислимая коллекция (An Enumerable Collection)
- •35.2.1 Вступление
- •35.2.2 Получение Enumerator (Getting the Enumerator)
- •35.2.3Упражнение
- •36.Встроенные интерфейсы коллекций
- •36.1 Обзор интерфейсов коллекций
- •36.1.1 Вступление
- •36.1.2Choosing a Class or an Interface
- •36.2Интерфейс iCollection
- •36.2.1 Вступление
- •36.2.2Реализация iCollection
- •Int nbrOfStudents;
- •Virtual property int Count
- •Int get() { return nbrOfStudents; }
- •Int nbrOfItems;
- •Virtual property int Count
- •Int get() { return nbrOfItems; }
- •Int nbrOfItems;
- •Int nbrOfItems;
- •Virtual property bool IsSynchronized
- •Int nbrOfItems;
- •36.3Интерфейс iList
- •36.3.1Вступление
- •36.3.2Упражнение
- •Int main()
- •36.3.3Implementing iList
- •36.3.4 Упражнение
- •36.4Размер коллекции
- •36.4.1 Коллекция фиксированного размера
- •Int items;
- •Virtual property bool IsFixedSize
- •36.4.2 Упражнение
- •Int counter;
- •Virtual property bool IsFixedSize
- •36.4.3Коллекция только для чтения
- •36.4.4Упражнение
- •Int counter;
- •Virtual void RemoveAt(int index);
- •Virtual void Clear(void);
- •36.5Наполнение коллекции
- •36.5.1 Добавление элементов
- •Int items;
- •36.5.2Упражнение
- •Int main()
- •36.5.3Вставка элемента
- •36.5.4Упражнение
- •Int main()
- •36.6Размещение элемента в коллекции
- •36.6.1 Значение по умолчанию в коллекции
- •Int items;
- •36.6.2Упражнение
- •Int counter;
- •Int main()
- •36.6.3Проверка существования элемента в коллекции
- •Int items;
- •36.6.4 Упражнение: проверка наличия элемента в коллекции
- •Int main()
- •36.6.5Получение индекса элемента
- •Int items;
- •36.6.6Упражнение: получение индекса элемента
- •Int main()
- •36.7Удаление элементов коллекции
- •36.7.1 Удаление элемента по его индексу
- •37.Встроенные классы коллекций
- •37.1 Класс ArrayList
- •37.1.1 Вступление
- •37.1.2 Емкость списка (The Capacity of a List)
- •37.1.3Список только для чтения
- •37.1.4Добавление элементов
- •37.1.5 Число элементов в списке
- •37.1.6 Получение элементов списка
- •37.1.7Доступ к элементу списка
- •37.1.8Удаление элемента
- •37.2Хеш-таблицы
- •37.2.1Вступление
- •37.2.2Создание хеш-таблицы
- •37.2.3Доступ к элементам хеш-таблицы
- •If (!diGcs.Exists)
- •If (!File.Exists(strFilename))
- •If (!File.Exists(strFilename))
- •If (File.Exists(strFilename))
- •If (File.Exists(strFilename))
- •If (File.Exists(strFilename))
- •37.2.4Доступ к элементу хеш-таблицы
- •37.2.5Удаление элементов хеш-таблицы
- •37.3Стек
- •37.3.1 Вступление
- •37.3.2Создание стека
- •37.3.3Добавление элементов в стек
- •37.3.4Доступ к элементам стека
- •37.3.5Удаление элементов из стека
- •37.4Очередь
- •37.4.1Вступление
- •37.4.2Создание очереди
- •37.4.3Построение очереди (Building a Queue)
- •37.4.4Получение элементов очереди
- •37.4.5Удаление элементов из очереди
Int main()
{
String ^ strTitle = L"=-= Nearson Electonics =-=\n"
L"******* Store Items ******";
CStoreItem ^ saleItem = gcnew CStoreItem();
Console::WriteLine(L"==/==A store item with
default values==/==");
DescribeStoreItem(saleItem, 0);
Console::WriteLine();
Console::WriteLine(L"==/==A store item completely
defined==/==");
saleItem = gcnew CStoreItem();
saleItem->ItemNumber = 513497;
saleItem->Category = L'T';
saleItem->Make = L"Uniden";
saleItem->Model = L"8x8 Packet8 Broadband Internet
Phone System";
saleItem->DiscountRate = -10;
saleItem->UnitPrice = -145.95;
DescribeStoreItem(saleItem, 0);
return 0;
}
// This function is used when an item is specified by its make and model
void DescribeStoreItem(CStoreItem ^ %item)
{
Console::WriteLine(L"Store Item Description");
Console::WriteLine(L"Item Number: {0}", item->ItemNumber);
Console::WriteLine(L"Category: {0}", item->Category);
Console::WriteLine(L"Make {0}", item->Make);
Console::WriteLine(L"Model: {0}", item->Model);
Console::WriteLine(L"Name: {0}", item->Name);
Console::WriteLine(L"Discount Rate: {0:P}", item->DiscountRate);
Console::WriteLine(L"Unit Price: {0:C}", item->UnitPrice);
}
// This function is used when an item is specified by its name
void DescribeStoreItem(CStoreItem ^ %item, const int)
{
Console::WriteLine(L"Store Item Description");
Console::WriteLine(L"Item Number: {0}", item->ItemNumber);
Console::WriteLine(L"Category: {0}", item->Category);
Console::WriteLine(L"Make {0}", item->Make);
Console::WriteLine(L"Model: {0}", item->Model);
Console::WriteLine(L"Discount Rate: {0:P}", item->DiscountRate);
Console::WriteLine(L"Unit Price: {0:C}", item->UnitPrice);
}
Execute the application to test it. This would produce:
==/==A store item with default values==/==
Store Item Description
Item Number: 0
Category:
Make
Model:
Discount Rate: 0.00 %
Unit Price: $0.00
==/==A store item completely defined==/==
Store Item Description
Item Number: 513497
Category: T
Make Uniden
Model: 8x8 Packet8 Broadband Internet Phone System
Discount Rate: -1,000.00 %
Unit Price: ($145.95)
Press any key to continue . . .
Close the DOS window
14.2.3Read-Only Properties
One of the roles of a property is to allow the other members of the class or the other class and functions of an application to find out what value the property is holding. Such a property is referred to as "getter". The formula to create a property that provides the value of its member variable is:
modifier property type property_name
{
modifier type get();
}
Notice that the property is created like a namespace: it has a body and curly brackets but no parentheses like a function. In the body of the property, there is a type of method named get. This name is required. Because the property is meant to return a value, the get() method returns a data type. Because get() is a method, it must have a body delimited with curly brackets. Here is an example from our CRectangle class:
public ref class CRectangle
{
private:
double len;
double hgt;
public:
property double Length
{
double get() {}
}
};
Use the body of the get method to implement the necessary behavior of the property getter. The simplest way consists of returning its corresponding private member variable. Here is an example:
public ref class CRectangle
{
private:
double len;
public:
property double Length
{
double get() { return len; }
}
};
When a property includes only a get() method, such a property is referred to as a read-only because the outside classes and functions can only retrieve the value of the property but they cannot change it. A classic example is the area of a rectangle. There is no need or reason for outside classes or functions to modify this value. They can only retrieve it if they need it. For this reason, you can create such a method as read-only. Here is an example:
public ref class CRectangle
{
private:
double len;
double hgt;
public:
CRectangle(double l, double h);
public:
property double Length
{
double get() { return len; }
}
property double Area
{
double get()
{
return len * hgt;
}
}
};
After creating a property, you can access it like you would any member variable. You can first declare a variable of the class, a pointer to the class, or its handle, and use either the period or the arrow operator. Here is an example:
using namespace System;
public ref class CRectangle
{
private:
double len;
double hgt;
public:
CRectangle();
CRectangle(double l, double h);
public:
property double Length
{
double get() { return len; }
}
property double Perimeter
{
double get()
{
return 2 * (len + hgt);
}
}
property double Area
{
double get()
{
return len * hgt;
}
}
};
CRectangle::CRectangle()
: len(0.00), hgt(0.00)
{
}
CRectangle::CRectangle(double l, double h)
: len(l), hgt(h)
{
}
void ShowCharacteristics(CRectangle ^ %recto)
{
Console::WriteLine(L"Rectangle Characteristics");
Console::WriteLine(L"Length: {0}", recto->Length);
Console::WriteLine(L"Perimeter: {0}", recto->Perimeter);
Console::WriteLine(L"Area: {0}", recto->Area);
}
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