- •What do you know about the origin of the term phonetics and its history?
- •What does phonetics study?
- •What linguistic sciences is theoretical phonetics connected with?
- •How is phonetics connected with grammar? Give examples.
- •How is Phonetics connected with lexicology? Give examples.
- •How is Phonetics connected with history of the languages? Give examples.
- •How is Phonetics connected with stylistics? Give examples.
- •How is Phonetics connected with non-linguistic sciences?
- •How are consonants grouped according to the place of obstruction and active organs of speech?
- •How are consonants grouped according to point of articulation and manner of production of noise?
- •33) How are consonants grouped according to the work of the vocal cords ?
- •34) How are consonants grouped according to the position of the soft palate?
- •35) How are vowels grouped according to the position of the tongue?
- •36) How are vowels grouped according to the position of the lips?
- •37) How are vowels grouped according to the length?
- •38) How are vowels grouped according to the degree of tenseness?
- •39) What is an assimilation?
- •40) What is an assimilated sound?
- •41. What is an assimilating sound?
- •42. What is accommodation or adaptation, its types?
- •43. What is elision? Give examples.
- •44. What are the types of assimilation?
- •45. When does assimilation affect the point of articulation? Give examples.
- •46. When does assimilation affect the active organs of speech? Give examples.
- •47. When does assimilation affect the manner of production of noise? Give examples.
- •48. When does assimilation affect the work of the vocal cords? Give examples.
- •49. When does assimilation affect the lip position? Give examples
- •50. When does assimilation affect the position of the soft palate? Give examples.
- •51. What are the degrees of assimilation?
- •52. When is assimilation complete?
- •53. When is assimilation incomplete?
- •54. When is assimilation intermediate?
- •55. What are the directions of assimilation?
- •56. When is assimilation progressive?
- •63. What is the definition of a phoneme given by V.A.Vassilyev
- •64. How was phonology defined by l.V.Shcherba?
- •65) What is an allophone? Give its definition
- •66) How are allophones grouped?
- •67) What allophones are the most representative?
- •69) What is a positional allophone?
- •70) What is a combinatory allophone?
- •71) What are the aspects of a phoneme?
- •72) Why are phonemes material, real and objective?
- •73. Why are phonemes abstructional and generalized?
- •74. Why do phonemes have functional aspect?
- •75. How many functions does a phoneme fulfill?
- •76. What is the principal function of a phoneme?
- •77. Why is the distinctive function the most important one?
- •78. What does the constitutive function manifest itself in?
- •79. What does recognitive function consist of?
- •80. What two types of mistakes may wrong pronunciation produce?
- •How can a syllable be defined?
- •How can a syllable be formed?
- •What sounds are syllabic in English? Give examples.
- •What are the theories of syllable division and syllable formation?
- •What is expiratory theory?
- •What is the sonority theory?
- •7) What is a more popularly accepted theory of syllable division and syllable formation?
- •8) Who propounded the sonority theory and what did he try to prove?
- •9) Who put forward to a new theory of syllable division and syllable formation?
- •10) What is the muscular tension theory?
- •11) According to what theory may all consonants be of three types?
- •12) What is prof. N.I.Zhinkin’s theory about syllable division and syllable formation?
- •13. Which speech organ causes a syllable to be formed according to prof. N.I.Zhinkin?
- •14. What are the types of syllable?
- •15. What are the fundamental types of syllables?
- •16. When can a syllable be open?
- •17. When can a syllable be closed?
- •18. What is the syllable division governed by in the sequence cvcv? Give examples.
- •19. Why is correct syllable division at the junction of words so important in English?
- •20. What functions does the syllabic structure perform?
- •21. What is the word accent?
- •22. What are the types of word accent?
- •What are the degrees of word accent given by British and Russian Phoneticians?
- •What degrees of word accent do the American scientists suggest?
- •What degrees of word accent do the most American descriptivists distinguish?
- •31. How are languages classified according to the position of word accent?
- •32. What are types of free word accent? Give examples.
- •33. What are the tendencies of word accent?
- •34. What is the recessive tendency?
- •39. How is intonation defined by many linguists?
- •40. What are the approaches to the definition of intonation?
- •41. What are the components of intonation?
- •42. What is the speech melody?
- •43. What parts do intonation groups consist of?
- •44. What is the terminal tone?
- •45. What is the sentence stress?
- •46. What is the tempo?
- •47. What is the timbre?
- •48. What is the pausation?
- •49. What is rhythm?
- •What are the functions of intonation?
- •51. What variants of pronunciation can be distinguished within one and the same region?
- •52. What are the types of pronunciation in Great Britain?
- •53. What is the standard or received type of pronunciation in Great Britain?
- •54. What is the local variant of pronunciation spoken in London?
- •55. What are the peculiar features of Northern literary pronunciation?
- •56. What are the peculiar features of Scotch literary pronunciation?
- •57. What types of pronunciation are observed in the usa?
- •58. What are the peculiar features of Eastern American pronunciation?
- •59. What are the peculiar features of Southern American pronunciation?
- •60. What are the peculiar features of General American pronunciation?
46. When does assimilation affect the active organs of speech? Give examples.
The manner of noise production is affected by assimilation in cases of a) lateral plosion and b) loss of plosion or incomplete plosion. The lateral plosion takes place, when a plosive is followed by /1/. In this case the closure for the plosive is not released till the off-glide for /1/: the sides of the tongue are lowered and the air escapes along them with lateral plosion, e. g. please, candle, cattle (see above). Incomplete plosion takes place in the clusters a) of two similar plosives like /pp, pb, tt, td, kk, kg/, or b) of two plosives with different points •offcrticulation like: /kt/, /ktf/, /dg/, /db/, /tb/. In the first case a single ■plosive is pronounced with a very long hold, e. g, attraction, lamp post, what time, went down, big cat. In the second case the ■closure of the organs of speech for the second plosive is made before the release of the first. So there is only one explosion for the two plosives. The first is incomplete, or lost, e, g. act, fact, good girl, hot bottle. In Russian similar plosives have the three stages, which results in two explosions for both plosives: акт, факт(&е& above).
47. When does assimilation affect the manner of production of noise? Give examples.
when the plosive, alveolar /t/ is followedjjy the constrictive, post-alveolar /r/. For example, in the word tip alveolar /t/ becomes post-alveolar and has a fricative release.
In should you /ijud ju:/ the place of the alveolar /d/ can be changed into palato-alveolar /dg/, which is not a plosive but an affricate, under the influence of the palatal /j7. which follows /d/: /'Judgu:/.
48. When does assimilation affect the work of the vocal cords? Give examples.
Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords is observed when one of the two adjacent consonants becomes voiced under the influence of the neighbouring voiced consonant, or voiceless — under the influence of the neighbouring voiceless consonant. For example, in the word gooseberry Is/ became voiced under the influence of the next voiced /b/ — regressive assimilation. In the combination what's this the voiced /z/became voiceless under the influence of the preceding voiceless HI— progressive assimilation.
49. When does assimilation affect the lip position? Give examples
Consonants followed by the sonorant [w] change their lip-position. They become lip-rounded in anticipation of [w], e.g. twinkle, quite, swan, language.
50. When does assimilation affect the position of the soft palate? Give examples.
Nasal consonants may influence the plosives. Sometimes [d] changes into [n] under the influence of the preceding [n], e.g. handsome [hǽnnsəm].
51. What are the degrees of assimilation?
Types of assimilation can be distinguished according to: (1) direction (2) degree of completeness (3) degree of stability. (1) - the influence of the neighboring sounds in english can act in a progressive, regressive or double direction 2) - according to its degree, a. can be complete and incomplete (3) - obligatory and non-obligatory assimilation e.g. a dental allophone of the alveolar /t/ should be used when it is followed by (inter)dental /voicess fricative/ or /voiced fricative/ as in /eighth/ e.g. /ten minits/ -> /temminits/