25. How are consonants grouped according to the place of obstruction and active organs of speech?

According to the position of the of the active organs of speech consonants are classified into: labial, lingual, glottal.

Lab cons – s are subdivided into:

a) Bylabial;

a) are produced with both lips, they are the Eng [p, b, m, w], the Rus [п, п`, б, б`, м, м`].

b) Labio-dental.

b) are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. They are The E [f, v], the R [ф, ф`, в, в`].

Lingual cons – s are subdivided into:

a) forelingual;

a) are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue, acc to the position of the tip of the tongue they maybe: dorsal, apical, cacuminal. Acc to the place of obstruction forelingual cons – s may be: interdental, dental, alveolar, post – alveolar, palato – alveolar.

^ Interdent cons – s are articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth [ð, Ө]. Dental cons – s are articulated with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth, the R [т, т`, д, д`, с, с`, з, з`, л, л`, ц]. Alveolar cons – s are articulated with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge, e.g. the E [t, d, s, n, l]. Post – alveolar cons – s with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the back part of the teeth ridge, e.g. [r]. Polato – alveolar cons – s are articul with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth ridge, the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate – two places of articulation, or forci, e.g. the E [t∫, dЗ ,∫ ,З] and the R [ш, ш`, ж, ч].

b)mediolingual;

b) Mediolingual are produced with the front part of the tonque. They are always palatal. palatal consonants are articulated with the front part of the tonque raised high to the hard palate, [j].

c)backlingual

c) Backlingual consonants are called velar, they are produced with the back part of the tonque raised towards the soft palate [k,g,h,], [х,х’, г,’].

The glottal consonant [h] is articulated in the glottis.

25. How are consonants grouped according to point of articulation and manner of production of noise?

Consonants are made with the air-stream that meets an obstruction in the

mouth or nasal cavities. On the articulatory level the change: in the degree of

noise, in the manner of articulation, in the place of articulation. According to the

degree of noise English consonants are divided into;: noise consonants and

sonorants. Noise consonants differ in the work of the vocal cords and in the

degree of force of articulation. According to the work of the vocal cords they are

voiceless and voiced. The degree of noise may differ because of the force of

articulation. Strong consonants are produced with more muscular energy, they are:

p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, h, t∫. Weak noise consonants are produced with a relatively weak

breath efforts, they are: d, b, v, z. English phoneticians call the weak consonants

lenis and the strong noise consonants fortis.