22. What are the types of word accent?

According to the most important feature different types of word stress are distinguished in different languages.

1)If special prominence in a stressed syllable or syllables is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation, such type of stress is called dynamic, or force stress 2)If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainlythrough the change of pitch, or musical tone, such accent is calledmusical, or tonic. It is characteristic of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental languages.

3) If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones, such type of stress is called quantitative.

4)Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes inthe quality of the vowel under stress.

23. What is the dynamic word accent?

If special prominence in a stressed syllable or syllables is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation, such type of stress is called dynamic, or force stress.

24. What is the musical word accent?

If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainlythrough the change of pitch, or musical tone, such accent is called musical, or tonic. It is characteristic of the Japanese, Korean andother oriental languages.

25. What is the qualitative word accent?

It is dynamic accent where is absent vowel reductions

26.What is the quantitative word accent?

It is dynamic accent, increase in length of the sound, known in the musical theory

27. What type of word accent do different languages in the world belong to?

Fixed word accent is characterized by the fixed position of

stress (French, Italian, Polish, Latin). Free word accent is characterized by the fact

that in different words of the language different syllables are stressed. Free word

accent has two sub-types: constant which always remains on the same

morpheme in different grammar forms of a word or in different derivatives from

the same root (wonder, wonderful, wonderfully); shifting accent is one which falls

on different morphemes in different grammatical forms of a word or in derivatives

from one and the same root (history – historical; active – activity; вовк – вовки).

27. What are the degrees of word accent given by British and Russian Phoneticians?

The majority of British phoneticians distinguish three degrees of stress in English.

They call the strongest stress primary, the second strongest stress – secondary,

while all the other degrees of stress are called weak.

27. What degrees of word accent do the American scientists suggest?

Some American scientists suggest placing the stress marks above the vowels of the stressed syllable, e.g. blackbird They place the stress marks even on monosyllabic words, e.g. cat, pen, map.

27. What degrees of word accent do the most American descriptivists distinguish?

American descriptivists distinguish the follow­ing degrees of word-stress: loud, reduced loud, medial, weak, which is not indicated. H. A. Gleason defines the degrees of stress as primary, secondary , tertiary, weak . H. Sweet distinguishes weak , medium, or half-strong , strong and extrastrong, or em­phatic stress ., R. Kingdon consider that there are three degrees of word-stress in English: primary — strong, secondary — partial, weak — in unstressed syllables. For example: certification