74. Why do phonemes have functional aspect?

(Capable of differentiating the meaning…) It’s the main aspect of the phoneme. Phonemes are capable of differentiating the meaning of words, morphemes and sentences. (sleeper – sleepy, bold – told) To understand how phonemes could fulfill the distinguished function, we must realize why this sound belongs to one phoneme, while the other is an allophone of some other phonemes. For example, k in carts and p in parts are the allophones of different phonemes, they are capable of differentiating the meaning. Because both being occlusive and fortis differ in one articulatory feature only: p is labial k is backlingual. As this difference serves to distinguish the meaning, they are allophones of different phonemes. The rule is those articulatory features which serve to distinguish the meaning are called relevant or distinctive. Those, that don’t serve to distinguish the meaning are irrelevant or non-distinctive. A phoneme can perform its distinctive function when it’s opposed to some other phoneme in some phonetic context. Such oppositions are called distinctive or phonological. In connection with the last function of a phoneme, it’s necessary to distinguish 2 types of mistakes in pronunciation. They are phonological and phonetic mistakes. If instead of the allophone of one phoneme some other allophone of the same phoneme is pronounced – it’s phonetic (it doesn’t affect the meaning), but if an allophone of a phoneme is substituted for an allophone of another phoneme the mistake is called phonological.

75. How many functions does a phoneme fulfill?

Basic functions of the phoneme are:

1. Constitutive – phoneme constitutes words, word combinations etc.

2. Distinctive – phoneme helps to distinguish the meanings of words, morphemes

3. Recognitive – phoneme makes up grammatical forms of words, sentences, so the right use of allophones.

The creation of the sound image:

the level of the speaker - the constitutive function

the level of the listener – the recognitive, or identificatory function

! distinctive function: 1) morpheme-distinctive (/-ə/ (-er) – an allomorph of the morpheme denoting the doer of an action vs. /-ı/ (-y, -ie) – an allomorph of an adjective-forming morpheme, 2) word-distinctive (the morpheme-distinctive function becomes at the same time its word- or form-distinctive function, e.g. dreamer – dreamy; phonemes can also perform their word-distinctive function directly, through their mutual opposition in simple words, e.g. /pen/ pen - /ten/ ten), 3) sentence-distinctive (is performed mostly inderectly, through the word-distinctive function: It was cold. – It was gold).

76. What is the principal function of a phoneme?

The principal function of a phoneme is the distinctive function, which justifies the existence of the term “Phoneme”

Types of distinctive function:

1. Morpheme distinctive

2. Word distinctive

3. Form distinctive

4. Sentence distinctive

a)Distinctive function is the key function of the phoneme. Due to this function the phoneme as a linguistic unit is capable of distinguishing the meaning of the words; depending on which units are differentiated the distinctive function may be subdivided into: morpheme distinctive; word distinctive; sentence distinctive. Morpheme distinctive function. Phoneme is in mutual opposition or in opposition to no sound ma distinguish morphemes as the smallest meaningful language units. Due to this function we can differentiate different grammatical forms of the same word and different parts of speech from the same root. Word distinctive function. Due to the opposition of the phoneme we can differentiate the meanings of different words. Sentence distinctive function. Phonemes perform this function mostly indirectly through the word distinctive function.