Unit 2 some/any/no/one/each; the Present Simple Tense

Vocabulary

as a whole – в целом

become (became, become) (v.) – становиться, превращаться

call (v.) – называть

cancel (v.) – отменять, аннулировать; зд.: уравновешивать

chlorine (n.) – хлор

consist of (v.) – состоять из

contain (v.) – содержать

distinguished (adj.) – отличительный

equal (adj.) – равный

feature (n.) – черта, признак

gain (v.) – получать, приобретать

lose (lost, lost) (v.) – терять

nucleus (n.) – ядро

I. Read and translate the text.

Atoms and Ions

Each different type of atom has a certain number of subatomic particles. The main building blocks of an atom are positively charged protons (p), unchanged neutrons (n), and negatively charged electrons (e).

Each atom consists of a relatively small centre, or nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus.

The distinguishing feature of an atom of any given element is the number of protons in its nucleus called its atomic number. The simplest element, hydrogen (H), has only one proton in its nucleus, its atomic number is 1. Carbon (C), with six protons, has an atomic number of 6. Each atom has an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Because these electrical charges cancel one another the atom as a whole has no electrical charge.

Atoms of some elements can lose or gain one or more electrons and form ions: atoms or groups of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges. For example, an atom of sodium (Na) can lose one of its electrons and become a sodium ion with a positive charge of one (Na⁺). An atom of chlorine (Cl) can gain an electron and become a chlorine ion with a negative charge of one (Cl^-).

II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents.

Type, positive, negative, proton, electron, neutron, centre, hydrogen, carbon, electrical, group chlorine.

III. Define the parts of the speech of the following words. Translate them into Russian.

Atomic, relative, electrical, positive, different, negative, chemical, organic, basic.

IV. Turn the following adjectives into adverbs. (use suffix -ly)

1. positive

2. negative

3. different

4. relative

5. electrical

6. chemical

7. natural

V. Fill in the gaps with the following propositions: of(x3), in, with(x2). Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Ions are atoms or groups … atoms … one or more positive or negative electrical charges.

2. Hydrogen has only one proton … its nucleus.

3. Each atom consists … a nucleus and one or more electrons which orbit it.

4. Carbon, ... six protons, has an atomic number ... six.

VI. Put the words in the correct order to make a statement. Ask your partner to translate it.

1. contains / every / neutrons / nucleus / protons

2. as / has / charge / the / whole / atom / electrical / a / no

3. form / atoms / electrons / ions / can / or / gain / and / lose

4. has / proton / one / hydrogen / only

VII. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. Which building blocks does an atom consist of?

2. What does a nucleus contain?

3. What do we call an atomic number of an element?

4. What do we call ions?

VIII. Rearrange the following sentences to make the summary of the text.

1. An atomic number is the number of protons in its nucleus.

2. The main building blocks of an atom are protons, neutrons and electrons.

3. Atoms of some elements can lose or gain one or more electrons and form ions.

4. A nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and one or two electrons orbit the nucleus.