19. The notion of functional style, individual style and idiolect.

The term style is the basic notion of Stylistics. Functional style can be understood as a set of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication; functional styles are products of concrete social tasks setout by the language community (Galperin,). They are the tools which help people tounderstandone another in different, spheres of communication, including literature, science, and politics, social and private life.

Oneshould notconfusethenotion of functional style (FS) with the notion of individual style (IS). Theterm IS presupposes a deliberate, though often intuitional, choice of language means.. It is normally applied to the writer's peculiar manner of using these language means to achieve the effects she\ he desires. If the writer does possess IS, it is easily recognized and marked by its uniqueness. By the language community, IS is linked to a concrete proper name. But IS is not the speech of an individual that is often called idiolect. IS is based on justifiable deviations from the norm, therefore, it presupposes a perfect knowledge of the variants of language norms. The analysis of the author’s language preferences seems to be the most important procedure in estimating his\her creative individuality.

20. The style of oratory

Oratory, or the art of public speaking, was firstly developed in ancient Greece and Rome and was studied as a component of rhetoric (that is, composition and delivery of speeches), and was an important skill in public and private life.

In subsequent centuries oratory was utilized in three main areas of public life:

(a) politics(political speeches fall into two categories - parliamentary debates and speeches at rallies, congresses, meetings, election campaigns);

(b) religion(sermons deal with religious subjects, ethics and morality, sometimes nowadays they take up social and political problems as well);

(c) law(judicial or "forensic" oratory, also referred to as legal oratory, is the' rhetorical art that centres on law and has three main components: legal theory, legal training, legal practices.

In the 20th century orators began to make frequent use of "catch phrases." The advent of radio forced oratory to become more intimate and conversational.

The art of speech - oratory - in order to achieve its purpose needs substantial arguments, clear methods and integrity alongside good style and expression. The task of the orator is to act in accordance with his own conviction.

Three grades of oratory are set up. First and lowest grade, only aiming at and pleasing the audience; in general, eloquence in panegyrics, inaugural speech ... Second grade: it is higher, and the orator aims not only at pleasing, but also at informing, instructing and persuading. And the third grade: greatly influencing the soul, convincing it and arousing the listener's interest, so the orator moves and attracts the soul and finally leads the audience to decide and act in accordance with the expressed cause.

Direct contact with the listeners in oratory permits the combination of syntactical, lexical, and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language.

Repetition can be regarded as the most typical stylistic device of the oratorical style. The effective power of sound repetition was discussed in connection with alliteration.

Another effective device is the direct address to the audience that softens the impersonality of formal speeches. An interesting variant of address is the pronoun you or we.

Many of the attractions of oratory have a simple phonetic basis - rhyme, alliteration;, assonance, rhythm. All these sound effects are used to reinforce the other effective devices.

Rhetorical questions are most important for reviving and keeping the attention of the audience and are widely used in oratory, promoting closer contact with it; the change of intonation breaks the monotony of the delivered speech.

Second Question: