First question:

1. Stylistics and its objectives. Subdivision of stylistics.

The object of stylistics:

- the stylistic function of language

- stylistic devices

- the individual style of an author

- functional styles

A Functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication and is used in indefinite sphere of communication, thus full filling social functions.

Subdivisions in stylistics

- lexical (various functions of lexis)

- stylistical differentiation (tropes)

- morphological (the use of forms of parts of speech in unusual grammatical meanings => transposition

- syntactical (1patterns of syntactical arrangement-inversion-; 2peculiar linkage –asyndeton)

- phonetic stylistics

- graphical stylistics

- decoding stylistics (readers point of view)

2. The notion of style. Different points of view on the concept of style.

Stylistic is a derivative from “style”

Style – a slender pointed writing instrument used by ancient Greeks & Romans to scratch letters on wax-covered plates. Style is -the way in which smth is done or expressed

-the fashion/manner of the moment.

Style in linguistic means is a manner of expression in speech acts and in writing.

Stylistics studies various language means, their variability.

Charles Balli – study of language resources to express emotions.

Roman Jacobson - the 2 basic modes of arrangement used in long?/language behavior is selection and combination.

3. Classification of fs

A Functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication and is used in indefinite sphere of communication, thus full filling social functions.

By Galperin:

- belles-lettres style (poetry, emotive prose, drama)

- publicistic style (oratorical, essay, articles)

- newspaper style(brief news items, advertisements and announcements, headline, editorials)

- scientific prose style

- style of official documents

no colloquial style.

By Screbnew

- literary

-free/colloquial

byMakarskij

-official/business

-scientific

-publicistic

-literary-colloquial

-familiar-colloquial

4. The scientific prose style (the substyles of humanities and exact sciences).

The function of the scientific prose style is to work out theoretically objective knowledge about reality. It is generally accepted that the style under consideration has three subdivisions: (1) the substyle of humanitarian sciences; (2) the substyle of exact sciences;

The prominent features of scientific English are: -objectivity, logical sequence, lucidity, exactness, impersonality; -the use of terms — words which are most likely to occur only in a scientific text and contribute to its exactness; -emotionally coloured words, elements of expressive syntax (gradation, antithesis, rhetorical questions, parallel constructions) and such lexical stylistic devices as metaphors are difficult to avoid in popular scientific prose. A general and impersonal character of scientific writing is created by means of impersonal sentences, passive constructions and active forms with the so-called "plural of modesty" - WE. In scholarly texts the personal

pronoun "we” unites the author and his/her potential reader, promoting a kind of dialogue between them.

A distinguishable feature of the style in the text level is the frequent use of quotations that help to create so-called dialogue going on between the author of the text and other scholars. In actual communication the style of scientific prose is presented by a variety of genres including experimental articles, monographs, research and reports, lectures, theses.